Uma uzwa 'izinto zokubumba umjovo wensimbi', izingqondo eziningi zigxuma ziqonde othulini lwensimbi. Leso yisenzo sesihloko, impela. Kodwa uma uke wachitha noma yisiphi isikhathi phansi esitolo, uyazi ukuthi indaba yangempela iqala ngesistimu yokuhlanganisa futhi iphetha ngomkhathi wesithando somlilo. Yiyo yonke i-cocktail ebalulekile, hhayi nje umoya. Ngibone amaphrojekthi amaningi efa ngenxa yokuthi othile uthole impushana enhle, eyindilinga engu-17-4PH kodwa wayibhanqa nesibophezelo esijwayelekile se-wax-polymer esingakwazi ukuphatha ijiyomethri yengxenye, okuholele ekuhlanekeni okuyinhlekelele ngesikhathi sokubopha. Impahla akuyona nje insimbi; yi-feedstock. Lesi yisifundo sokuqala, futhi esivame ukubiza kakhulu.
I-Feedstock Equation: Ubuciko Obuningi Kunesayensi
Ukuthola i-feedstock ngendlela efanele kuzwakala njenge-alchemy ngezinye izikhathi. Isilinganiso esifanele sokulayishwa kwempushana—lelo phesenti levolumu lempushana yensimbi ku-binder—ukuhamba ngentambo eqinile. Iphushele phezulu kakhulu ukuze uthole ingxenye eyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ulahlekelwa wukugeleza okuhlelwe ngakho i-MIM. Umshini wokubumba umjovo uyazabalaza, uthola imigqa yokushisela, ama-voids. Iphansi kakhulu, futhi ingxenye ishwabana ngokungalindelekile phakathi ne-sintering, igcine ngokuphuma kokucaciswayo. Okwengxenye egqoke kakhulu esake sayisebenzisa, sisebenzisa impushana engu-316L ene-atomized gas, kudingeke ukuthi sishayele ukulayisha phansi kancane esincomweni sencwadi yokufunda. Kungani? Ingxenye yayinengxenye ephambanayo ezacile ngendlela ehlekisayo eduze kwehabhu eliwugqinsi. Ukulayisha okujwayelekile kubangele amamaki osinki. Senze engozini ukuminyana okuphansi kancane ukuze siqinisekise ukugcwaliswa, bese silungisa iphrofayela ye-sintering ukuze sinxephezele. Isebenzile, kodwa ibingekho kunoma iyiphi imanuwali.
Yilapho indima yomxhumanisi ibukelwa phansi ngobugebengu. Akuyona nje ingcina yesikhashana. I-kinetics yayo yokubola ngesikhathi sokubopha okushisayo noma kwe-solvent kufanele ivunyelaniswe kahle nokupakishwa kwempushana. Ukungafani lapha, bese uthola ukuqunjelwa, ukuqhekeka, noma 'ingxenye eluhlaza'. Ngikhumbula iqoqo lapho umphakeli wokuhlanganisa eshintsha khona i-catalyst ngaphandle kwesaziso. Izingxenye zazibukeka ziphelele ziphuma esikhunjeni, kodwa kuhhavini we-debind, zaziwa njengenhlama ekhathele. Ukulahlekelwa okuphelele. Impushana yayifana, ukucaciswa kwensimbi kwakungashintshile. Ukwehluleka bekuyingxenye 'encane' yesistimu yokuhlanganisa.
Ake sikhulume ngezici zempushana. I-Sphericity kanye ne-particle size distribution (PSD) iyikho konke. I-PSD ewumngcingo ingase inikeze ithiyori enhle yokupakisha, kodwa okulawulwa kahle, ukusatshalaliswa okubanzi kancane kuvame ukugeleza kangcono ekusebenzeni kanye nezinsimbi ezinokwethenjelwa kakhudlwana. Ukuze uthole isitokwe se-cobalt-chrome sokufakelwa kwezokwelapha, silwe nezinkinga ze-porosity kwaze kwaba yilapho sihlanganisa izinkatho ezimbili ezihlukene zempushana ukuze sithole ijika elilungile le-PSD. Amashidi emininingwane yenkatho ngayinye 'ayemukelekile', kodwa umlingo wawusekuhlanganisweni. Lokho awukufundi emininingwaneni; uyifunda emaqenjini alahliwe.
I-Sintering: Lapho Izinto Zakheka Ngempela
Leli iphuzu lokungabuyi. Ulolonge futhi wakhipha 'ingxenye ensundu' ebuthakathaka. Manje, esithandweni somlilo, izinhlayiya zensimbi ziyahlangana kanye nezakhiwo ezibonakalayo ezibonakalayo. Kulapho ukukhetha kwakho kwesisekelo—insimbi engagqwali, insimbi yamathuluzi, ingxubevange ekhethekile—kubhekana nokuvivinywa kwakho ngomlilo. Ukulawulwa komkhathi kuyinkosi. Ukuvuza okuncanyana komoyampilo endaweni ye-hydrogen-nitrogen lapho kufakwa insimbi equkethe i-chromium efana no-17-4PH kungaqeda ikhabhoni engaphezulu futhi konakalise ukumelana nokugqwala. Sifunde ukusebenzisa izingxenye ze-dummy ngaphambi kweqoqo ngalinye elibalulekile ukuze 'sihlole' isimo somlilo, umshwalense oshibhile.
Umjikelezo we-sintering ngokwawo uyiresiphi eqondene nezinto ezithile. Amazinga we-Ramp, amazinga okushisa okubamba, isivinini sokupholisa-konke asho i-microstructure yokugcina. Kuphrojekthi edinga ingxubevange kazibuthe ethambile (efana ne-Fe-50%Ni), izinga lokupholisa kusuka kuzinga lokushisa le-sintering lalibalulekile ukuze kuthuthukiswe amandla kazibuthe afiselekayo. Ngokushesha kakhulu, futhi sageja iwindi lempahla. Kuthathe ama-run amathathu omlilo anama-tweaks okupholisa acashile ukushaya i-spec. 'Impahla' ku-oda lokuthenga kwakuyi-Fe-50Ni nje. Izinto ezisebenzayo zadalwa kuleso sithando somlilo.
I-Shrinkage ingenye inguquko enkulu, eboshwe ngokuqondile esitokisini sokudla. Sihlose ukuncipha kwe-isotropic, kodwa akufani neze kahle. Ukuze uthole ingxenye yegiya elinembayo, bekufanele sidizayine isikhunta ngokususelwa kusici esinamandla sokuncipha ebesisithuthukisele leso sizindalwazi sengxubevange engama-4140, hhayi isimangalo esijwayelekile somthengisi esingu-15-18%. Isici sethu sasingu-16.7% ± 0.3% endizeni ebalulekile. Lokho kunemba kuqhamuke ekulinganiseni amakhulu ezingxenye ze-sintered kanye nokubuyela emuva. Lolo uhlobo lolwazi olubalulekile oluhlala encwadini yokudlala yangaphakathi yenkampani.
Kungani ama-alloys afana ne-Cobalt ne-nickel ashintsha umdlalo
Ukusuka ezinsimbini ezivamile ukuya ezindaweni ezifana ama-alloys asekelwe ku-cobalt noma ama-alloys asekelwe ku-nickel ngoba i-MIM iwushintsho lwesinyathelo ebunzimeni nasezindlekweni. Lezi akuzona nje 'izinsimbi ze-fancier'. Amafasitela abo acwebile angaba mncane ngendlela emangalisayo. Ingxubevange ye-cobalt-chromium-molybdenum yokusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha ingase ingene ngaphakathi kwewindi elingu-20-degree Celsius ukuze kuzuzwe ukuminyana okuphelele ngaphandle kokukhula okusanhlamvu. Uphuthelwe, futhi uthola i-porosity eyinsalela noma i-embrittlement.
Ukususwa kwe-binder kulawa ma-alloys asebenza kakhulu nakho kuyinkimbinkimbi. Izimpushana zazo zivame ukusebenza kakhulu, ngakho-ke ukubopha okunamandla (ukusebenzisa umhwamuko we-nitric acid, isibonelo) kungase kunconywe kunezindlela ezihamba kancane ezishisayo ukuze kugwenywe ukungcoliswa kwendawo. Lokhu kunezela ubunkimbinkimbi benqubo kanye nezindleko. Kodwa inzuzo iyizingxenye ezinezakhiwo eziseduze kwezinto esezikhandiwe—cabanga ngama-swirlers enjini ye-jet fuel injector eyenziwe nge-MIM evela ku-nickel superalloy. Inani lisenkingeni yokwakheka kwenetha, hhayi nje izindleko zezinto ezibonakalayo.
Lena indawo lapho ulwazi olujulile lwe-Foundry kanye nemishini iba wusizo olukhulu. Inkampani enomlando omude wokutshala izimali kanye nokwenza ama-alloys akhethekile, njenge I-Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. (QSY), iletha umbono ohlukile ku-MIM. Kade bebhekene ne-metallurgy ye ama-alloys akhethekile amashumi eminyaka ngokusebenzisa igobolondo labo kanye nemisebenzi yokutshala imali. Lolo lwazi olugxilile mayelana nendlela lezi zinsimbi eziziphatha ngayo ngaphansi kokushisa, ukuthi zisebenzisana kanjani nomkhathi, nokuthi zingaqedwa kanjani luwusizo olukhulu lapho ungena ekuzibumbeni. Bayaqonda ukuthi isimo se-post-sintering siyindawo yokuqala engenalutho ezingxenyeni eziningi, ezizodinga okunembayo CNC imishini ukuhlangabezana nokubekezelelana kokugcina ezicini ezibucayi. Inqubo ye-MIM nokukhethwa kwezinto kwakhiwa kucatshangwa ngaleso sinyathelo somshini esilandelayo.
Isixhumanisi Somshini: I-MIM Ayisho Njalo 'Iphelile'
Umbono oyiphutha ovamile ukuthi izingxenye ze-MIM ziyaphuma esithandweni zilungele ukusetshenziswa. Kwabaningi, yebo. Kodwa ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ezinembayo eziphezulu, i-sintering ilandelwa imisebenzi yesibili. Lokhu kubalulekile ekukhetheni izinto ezibonakalayo. Ungase ukhethe ibanga eliqiniswe ngaphambili, noma elizophathwa ngokushisa ngemva kokucwiliswa. Kodwa futhi kufanele ucabangele machinability. Ingxenye ye-MIM ene-sintered ine-microstructure enhle, efanayo, kodwa akulona iphupho njalo umshini. Kungaba abrasive.
Sibe necala elinengxenye ye-MIM yensimbi engagqwali engu-440C edinga imbobo ecishiwe. Ingxenye yayiminyene ngokuphelele futhi iqinile ngemuva kokucwiliswa. Ukuyithepha ngqo kwakuwukuhlafuna amathuluzi. Kudingeke ukuthi silungise umjikelezo we-sintering ukuze sikushiye kusimo esithambile ukuze kwenziwe imishini, bese sengeza ukwelapha okushisa okuqinisa okwalandela. Inqubo 'yezinto ezibonakalayo' yayiwukuthi: ukwakheka kwe-feedstock -> ukubumba -> ukubopha -> i-sintering (ithambile) -> imishini ye-CNC -> ukwelashwa kokushisa -> umkhiqizo wokugcina. Uhambo lwempahla lwalungakapheli ngemva kwesithando somlilo.
Lokhu kubuka okuhlanganisiwe kuyisihluthulelo. Kungakho abanye abadlali abaphumelele kakhulu bengezona izitolo ze-MIM ezimsulwa. Bangabakhiqizi abahlanganisiwe, njenge-QSY, abahlanganisa izinqubo. Bangabheka umdwebo wengxenye eyinkimbinkimbi, ene-alloy ephezulu futhi bahlulele ukuthi ukutshala imali, MIM, noma indlela eyingxubevange isekelwe kangcono kujometri, impahla, kanye nevolumu. Iminyaka yabo engu-30 ekulingiseni nasekukhiqizeni imishini isho ukuthi bakhetha izinto ze-MIM ngokuqonda okuphelele kwalo lonke uchungechunge lokukhiqiza, hhayi nje izinyathelo zokubumba nezokucwilisa. Bayazi ukuthi izindleko zangempela zento ethile ihlanganisa indlela eziphatha ngayo kukho konke ukusebenza okulandelayo.
Ukwehluleka kanye Nezifundo Ezigxilile
Awuzifundi izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezimpumelelweni. Ufunda emigqonyeni ye-scrap. Ekuqaleni, sizame ukusebenzisa i-low-alloy steel feedstock eyenzelwe izingxenye zezimoto. Izithombo zibukeka kahle, zibukeka kahle. Kodwa lapho kuhlolwa isifutho sikasawoti, zagqwala ngamahora, kuyilapho ingxenye eyayigaywe ngomshini yebanga elifanayo ithatha amasonto. Umlandu? Ukulahleka kwekhabhoni ngesikhathi sokushisa ngenxa yesimo sezulu esingalungiselelwanga kahle ikhemistri yendawo yempushana ethile. Into 'yebanga' yayilungile, kodwa inqubo yayiguqule ukwakheka kwayo okusebenzayo. Kwadingeka sishintshele kumpushana eyakhelwe i-MIM, ene-passivation ehlukile, futhi siqinise umthetho olandelwayo wesithando somlilo. Ishidi lokucaciswa belingenamsebenzi uma singalawuli inqubo edale into yokugcina.
Ngesinye isikhathi, sahlola sisebenzisa i-MIM-able tungsten heavy alloy. Ukuminyana bekukuhle, kepha isitokwe sokudla besaziwa ukuthi kunzima ukusibumba ngaso sonke isikhathi. Sichithe izinyanga ekwakhiweni kwesango kanye nomgijimi, izinga lokushisa lesikhunta, imingcele yomjovo. Sithole izingxenye ezisebenzayo, kodwa umkhiqizo awuzange ube namandla ngokwezomnotho kuvolumu. Sayigcina. Impahla yayithembisa ephepheni, kodwa amaqiniso angokoqobo okuyiguqula isuka ku-feedstock iye engxenyeni ethembekile yabulala iphrojekthi. Lokho kuyisinqumo esibalulekile osenzayo kuphela ngokuzama nokwehluleka.
Ngakho uma ngicabanga izinto zokubumba umjovo wensimbi manje, angiboni nje uhlu lwama-alloys. Ngibona uchungechunge lwezinqumo: ukuma kwempushana nosayizi, ikhemistri ehlanganisayo, ukulayishwa kwempushana, indlela yokukhipha, iphrofayili yomkhathi wesithando somlilo, ukwelashwa okungenzeka kokushisa, kanye nomshini wesibili odingekayo. Impahla yilo lonke iketango. Kuyibhizinisi elichazwe ngenqubo. Ukuyilungisa kusho ukuhlonipha zonke izixhumanisi, futhi lolo lwazi aluthengi—lwakhiwa ingxenye ngengxenye, ukwehluleka ngokwehluleka, phakathi neminyaka. Kungumehluko phakathi koku-oda impushana kanye nobunjiniyela ingxenye.
