Uma uzwa 'i-powder metallurgy steel', isithombe esiseduze singase sibe salezi zingxenye eziphelele, ezisebenza kahle ziphuma eshidini ledatha elebhu. Iqiniso esitolo livamise ukuba libi, kube nokuhwebelana phakathi kwaleyo microstructure ekahle kanye nezomnotho ezinonya zokukhiqiza. Akukhona nje ngokucindezela futhi sintering; kumayelana nokuphatha okulindelekile—kokubili okokusebenza kanye nekhasimende.
Igebe Phakathi Kwe-Special Sheet kanye Nesitezi Sesitolo
Sivame ukuthola imibuzo, ngezinye izikhathi ngokusebenzisa ozakwethu abafana I-Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. (QSY), abanolwazi olunzulu lokulingisa nokwenza imishini, bebuza ukuthi ingabe ingxenye eyenziwe ngokufaka utshalomali ingashintshelwa i-powder metallurgy ngezindleko noma ukusebenza. Umbuzo wokuqala uthi ngeke sikwazi? kodwa kufanele? Ngegiya eliyinkimbinkimbi elidinga amandla aphezulu okukhathala, u-PM angase awine. Kodwa ngezindlu ezilula, ezinodonga oluqinile, ukubunjwa kwendabuko noma ngisho nokwenza imishini evela esitokisini sebha ngokuvamile kuhlala kushibhile, ikakhulukazi ngamavolumu aphansi. Ukukhanga kwe-near-net-shape kunamandla, kodwa izindleko zokusebenzisa lelo giya eliyinkimbinkimbi lingaba umbulali wephrojekthi.
Ngikhumbula iphrojekthi yengxenye ye-hydraulic valve. Umdwebo ucacise ukuminyana okungu-7.4 g/cm3 kwe powder metallurgy steel ukuqinisekisa ukuvuza-ukuqina. Siyizuze ngokucindezela kabili nokucupha, kodwa i-warpage ye-warpage post-sintering yayiyiphupho elibi. Ingxenye yayibukeka ilungile iphuma esithandweni, kodwa izilinganiso ze-CMM zakhuluma indaba ehlukile. Sichithe amasonto silungisa idizayini yefomu langaphambili, sakha ngokuhlanekezela kwelinye icala, okuzwakala kuphambene ngokuphelele. Isebenzile, kodwa yengeze u-15% esikhathini sokuthuthukiswa. Lezo yizindleko ezifihliwe—ukuphindaphinda.
Kulapho ukuba nozakwethu owenza imishini kungaxoxiswana khona. Ngisho nenqubo ye-PM ehamba phambili, uvamise ukudinga iphasi yokugcina yomshini ukuze uthole ukubekezelelana okubalulekile noma ukuqedwa kwendawo. Inkampani efana ne-QSY, enabo CNC imishini ubuchwepheshe, bubalulekile. Awukwazi ukumane ubanikeze ingxenye e-sintered futhi ulindele izimangaliso; impahla iziphatha ngendlela ehlukile kunensimbi eyenziwe. Iyaluma futhi ingaba ne-porosity. Sifunde ukucacisa ukuminyana kwe-sintered nobulukhuni emdwebeni esiwuthumela kumamachinist, hhayi nje ibanga le-alloy. Inothi elifana neliqukethe i-porosity eyinsalela, ukusebenzisa amathuluzi abukhali kusindisa wonke umuntu ikhanda elibuhlungu.
I-Material Nuances Ngale Kwensimbi Nekhabhoni
I-base iron powder iwukhanvasi nje. Ubuciko busezithasiselweni—izimpushana ezifakwe ngaphambili kanye nezinto zokugcoba. Ukusebenzisa impushana ehlanganiswe nokusabalalisa efana ne-Distaloy, ene-nickel nethusi ehlanganiswe ngaphambili ezinhlayiyeni zensimbi, kunikeza izici ezilinganayo kakhulu ngemva kokucwiliswa kuqhathaniswa nokuxuba nje izimpushana eziyisisekelo. Kodwa kubiza kakhulu. Ngohlelo lokusebenza olugqoke kakhulu, singase sihambisane nempushana yensimbi efakwe ngaphambili equkethe i-molybdenum, bese sengeza ithusi negraphite ukuze sibe namandla. Isimo sezulu siba bucayi—i-vacuum eyingxenye noma i-ammonia eqhekekile ukuvimbela ukubola. Yenza lokho kungalungile, futhi insimbi yakho eqinile ngeke iqine.
Kunombono oyiphutha ovamile wokuthi izingxenye ze-PM zibuthakathaka ngokwemvelo. Akulona iqiniso uma kwenziwa kahle. Ngezinqubo zokuqiniswa kwecala njenge-carbonitriding, sithole ubulukhuni obungaphezulu kuka-60 HRC powder metallurgy steel izingxenye zokuthunyelwa kwezimoto. Okubalulekile ukuzuza ukuminyana okwanele kuqala. Ingxenye eku-6.8 g/cm3 izoba ne-porosity exhumene emanzisa igesi yokungcwaba futhi eholela ekujuleni kwekesi okungahambisani. Iphushe iye ku-7.2 noma ngaphezulu, futhi iziphathisa okokusebenza okuqinile phakathi nokwelashwa kokushisa.
Indaba yokwehluleka: sake sazama ukwenza i-lever encane, enamandla aphezulu nge-undercut. Idizayini ibifuna ukuthi kwakhiwe indlela engaphansi ngesikhathi sokucindezela ukuze kugwenywe ukwenziwa kwemishini yesibili. Kwakubonakala kuhlakaniphile. Kodwa ngesikhathi sokukhishwa kwefasi, leso sigaba esibucayi, esihlanganisiwe kodwa esingakagxili (esikubiza ngokuthi ingxenye eluhlaza), siqhekeka cishe njalo. Sizame ukuxuba okuhlukile kwamafutha kungxube yempushana ukuze sithuthukise ukugeleza nokunciphisa ukungqubuzana, kodwa ingcindezi yomshini yayiphezulu kakhulu. Kwadingeka sihlele kabusha ingxenye, senze umumo ube lula futhi samukele ukusebenza kwe-CNC kwakamuva ukuze sidale i-undercut. Kwakuyindaba yakudala yokulinganisa ngokweqile lokho amandla aluhlaza angasingatha. Isifundo bekuwukuklama inqubo, hhayi ukuphoqa inqubo ukuthi ilingane nomklamo.
Lapho U-PM Ehlangabezana Nezinye Izinqubo
Lesi yindawo enentshisekelo. Izinkampani ezifana QSY sebenza ngokukhethekile ukutshala imali futhi ukubunjwa kwegobolondo. Ngakho-ke i-PM incintisana nini, futhi ihambisana nini? Kuma-alloys okudume kabi ukuwenza umshini, njengamanye ama-superalloy asuselwa ku-nickel, kokubili i-PM nokusakazwa kokutshalwa kwezimali kuyizimbangi. I-PM inganikeza isakhiwo sokusanhlamvu esicolekile. Kodwa-ke, ezingxenyeni ezinkulu kakhulu (cabanga ngaphezu kwe-10 kg), ukucindezela okukhulu akusebenzi, futhi ukusakaza kusabusa. Sibone izindlela ezixubile lapho ifomu langaphambili le-PM lifakwa khona bese lihlanganiswa nokuhlanganiswa okulingisi noma komshini kusetshenziswa ibhulashi noma ngokushisela. I-niche, kodwa ixazulula izinkinga ezithile.
Kuwebhusayithi yabo, tsngtaocnc.com, i-QSY ibala izinto ezifana nama-alloys asekelwe ku-cobalt kanye ne-nickel. Lawa amakhandidethi aphambili e-PM futhi, ikakhulukazi ezingxenyeni ezidinga ukumelana nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nezakhiwo ezigugile, njengezihlalo zamavalvu noma ama-turbine blades. Umzila oyimpushana unganciphisa udoti wempahla kulawa ma-alloys abizayo. Inselele iwukucwilisa ngaphandle kokwethula ukungcola; ngokuvamile kudinga izithando zomlilo ezine-vacuum ephezulu. Izindleko zaleso sikhathi somlilo zibhakwa enanini lengxenye. Ngakho-ke i-matrix yesinqumo ihlala ibuyela kumthamo, ubunzima, kanye nezindleko zempahla.
Ngithola imisebenzi ye-post-sintering ithakazelisa. Ingxenye ehlanganisiwe ayiqediwe. Ingase idinge usayizi (ukucindezela kabusha kokugcina ku-diye), ukwelashwa kwesitimu se-oxide engaphezulu nokuvaleka kahle, noma izinqubo ezihlukahlukene zokucwenga noma zokuhlanganisa. Sake saba neqoqo lezingxenye ezaphumelela zonke izivivinyo zemishini kodwa zehluleka ukuhlolwa kwesifutho sikasawoti sokumelana nokugqwala. I-porosity, ngisho noma ingaxhumene, yayibamba isixazululo sokucwenga, okwathi kamuva saphuma sabangela amabhamuza. Ukulungiswa kwakuyisinyathelo sokufakwa kwe-resin ngaphambi kokucwecwa—inqubo elula, ebiza kancane engahlali ikushidi elijwayelekile kodwa elibaluleke kakhulu kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza.
Iqiniso Lomnotho kanye Namandla e-Niche
Ekupheleni kosuku, powder metallurgy steel akuyona inhlamvu yomlingo. Kuyinqubo enendawo emnandi kakhulu. Ivolumu ephezulu (ukunciphisa amathuluzi), okumaphakathi ukuya kokuyinkimbinkimbi okuphezulu (ukuze kusetshenziswe inzuzo yomumo wenetha), kanye nokokusebenza okuzuzisayo ku-PM microstructure. Cabanga ngama-sprockets enjini yezimoto, amagiya wamathuluzi wamandla, noma izingxenye zokukhiya. Kuma-prototypes aphuma kanye noma amavolumu aphansi kakhulu, uvamise ukuba ngcono uma wenza imishini eqinile, noma imosha. Iphuzu lekhefu liyisihloko senkulumompikiswano njalo.
Lapho kukhanya khona ngempela kusezinhlanganisela zezinto ongeke ukwazi ukuzithola kwenye indawo kalula. Ukwenza ingxenye ngesakhiwo se-gradient-ake sithi, isiphetho esisodwa esicebile ngethusi ukuze kube ngcono ukuhamba kwe-thermal kanye nokuphela kwensimbi evamile yamandla-kungenzeka kumjikelezo owodwa we-press-sinter onomklamo ohlakaniphile wokufa kanye ne-powder layering. Sazama ukusebenzisa i-self-lubricating bear enjengalena, sisebenzisa isakhiwo sensimbi esinezimbotshana esifakwe nge-polymer. Kusebenzile, kodwa ukulawula ukujula kokungena ngokungaguquki bekuyinselelo esingakaze siyixazulule ngokugcwele yokukhiqiza ngobuningi.
Uma sibheka indawo ebanzi, ukusebenzisana phakathi kwabakhiqizi be-PM kanye nochwepheshe bemishini yokunemba yikho okuletha ingxenye esebenzayo. Ukufana okuqinile I-Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. imelela amandla okwehla komfula okwenza i-PM isebenzele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezinembayo. Senza isimo esiseduze-netha singenalutho ngezinto ezilawulwayo; bayiletha endaweni yayo yokugcina ye-dimensional kanye ne-surface finish. I-handoff edinga ukuqonda okwabiwe—ukwazi ukuthi indawo ehlanganisiwe ihlukile, ukwazi ukuthi i-porosity ingahle ibe kuphi, kanye nokulungisa ama-feed, isivinini, nezindlela zamathuluzi ngokufanele. Leyo ngxoxo, ngaphezu kwanoma iyiphi ingxenye yesisetshenziswa esisodwa, iyona ephendula impushana yensimbi ibe ingxenye yomshini ethembekile.
