Reka tuvugishe ukuri, abasore benshi batanga amasoko ndetse na ba injeniyeri bamwe bajugunya casting na powder metallurgie (PM) hamwe nkibikorwa bya net-net hanyuma bakabyita umunsi. Ngiyo intangiriro nziza, ariko ibura inkuru nyayo. Guhitamo ntabwo ari imiterere gusa; byerekeranye nurugendo rwibikoresho kuva ikirundo cyoroshye kugeza igice gikomeye, nicyo urwo rugendo rukorera ubugingo bwarwo - microstructure, ubucucike, hamwe nigisenge cyo hejuru. Nabonye imishinga yataye umurongo kubera ko umuntu yashimangiye PM igice gisakuza ngo ishoramari, cyangwa ubundi, kwirukana urupapuro rwihariye utumva inzira ADN.
Gutandukana kwibanze: Amazi na Leta ikomeye
Ngiyo shingiro ryibanze mumuhanda. Kasting ni ibijyanye no kugenzura gukomera. Ufata ibikoresho, ukabishonga mumazi, hanyuma ukabisuka mu cyuho. Ubumaji-no kubabara umutwe-bibaho uko bikonje. Imiterere y'ibinyampeke, kugabanya ububobere, gutandukanya ibintu bivangavanze: byose biterwa nuburyo ucunga iyo nzibacyuho-ikomeye. Hamwe nogushora imari, twayoboye imisozi yibice mu iduka ryacu, urwana intambara yo kurwanya imvururu mugihe cyo gusuka no kugaburira kugabanuka kugeza unyuze mugikonoshwa gikomeye. Nibyino hamwe na thermodynamic mugihe nyacyo.
Ifu ya metallurgie, kurundi ruhande, isiba icyiciro cyamazi rwose (gucumura kuruhande, ariko ubwo ni ubundi bwoko bwubushyuhe). Urimo gukora ifu yicyuma gikomeye mugupfa hanyuma ukayishyushya kugirango uhuze ibice. Inyungu nuburyo buhoraho hamwe nubushobozi bwo gukora ibinure ntushobora gushonga byoroshye no guta, nkibintu bimwe na bimwe bya tungsten. Ariko agatsinsino ka Achilles kavukire. Urwo rusobe rwibintu bito bigabanya guhindagurika nubuzima bwumunaniro. Urashobora gushyushya-isostatike-kanda (HIP) kugirango ube hafi yuzuye, ariko ubu ikiguzi cyawe gikomanga ku rugi rwo kwibagirwa. Numukino wo gucuruza.
Ndibuka igice cya valve kumurenge wa peteroli na gaze. Igishushanyo cyambere cyabakiriya cyerekanaga PM kubwo kwihanganira gukomeye kuri bimwe byoroshye byo hanze. Ariko igice kandi cyari gifite ibice bikikijwe kandi bikeneye guhangana n'umunaniro ukabije. Twasubije inyuma, dusaba ko twahindura Igikonoshwa hamwe na cobalt ishingiye ku mavuta, ikurikirwa no gutunganya neza CNC kuri ibyo byuma bikomeye. Igikonoshwa cyaduhaye ubuso bwiza kandi buranga isotropike kurenza umusenyi usanzwe, kandi kureka ikibazo cya porosity ntibyari impaka zumunaniro. Bagerageje byombi. Igice cyakorewe imashini cyarenze prototype ya PM kubintu bitatu mugupima umunaniro. Isomo? Ubworoherane burashobora gukoreshwa muri; ubunyangamugayo bwibanze ntibushobora.
Ibintu bifatika: Ntabwo ibintu byose bitemba cyangwa byegeranye
Ibikoresho byawe palette itegeka inzira yawe, rimwe na rimwe nta bugome. Kuri QSY, dusanzwe dusuka ibintu byose uhereye kumyuma ya ductile kugeza kuri nikel ishingiye kuri superalloys nka Inconel 718.Iyi mavuta ikora cyane ifite amazi meza; ni abanebwe kandi bakunda kwibeshya mubice bito. Kubisuka bisaba ibishushanyo bishyushye kandi akenshi ubufasha bwa vacuum cyangwa igitutu. Ntushobora guhuza byinshi muribi ifu hanyuma ukabona igice cyakoreshwa - ibintu bivangavanze ntibikina neza mugihe cya pome ya atomisiyonike cyangwa guhuzagurika.
Ku rundi ruhande, PM ni umwami wibikoresho byoroshye (tekereza kwishyiriraho amavuta) no guhuza ibyuma bivunika. Kugerageza guterera igice hamwe na 20% ya volumetric porosity yo kubika amavuta ninzozi mbi. Ariko hamwe na PM, uragenzura gusa igitutu cyo kugabanuka no kuzunguruka. Nibyiza kubyo bikenewe byihariye. Twagize anketi rimwe kuri molybdenum ikomeye. Gutera molybdenum? Birashoboka ko bidashoboka kubera gushonga gukabije hamwe na okiside. PM niyo nzira yonyine ishobora kubaho, kandi twagombaga kwanga umushinga nkuko byari hanze yacu gukina no gutunganya umurongo. Kumenya imipaka yububiko bwawe nibyingenzi nkukumenya inzira.
Noneho hariho inkuru isakaye. Kasting ibyara amasoko, abiruka, na risers - rimwe na rimwe uburemere bwumusaruro butarenze kimwe cya kabiri cyuburemere bwasutswe. Irashobora gukoreshwa, ariko ni imbaraga zahinduwe. PM yishimira gukoresha ibikoresho 97%; ukoresha gusa ifu ukeneye. Nibyo umushoferi munini wibikoresho bihenze nkibikoresho byibikoresho cyangwa superalloys. Ariko iyo poro ubwayo ihenze mubumenyi bw'ikirere ihenze kuri kilo kuruta ingot stock. Ingingo yubukungu ihuriweho nintego igenda ishingiye kubiciro bifatika hamwe na geometrie igice.
Gukora Intoki: Aho Ibice Byinshi Byasobanuwe
Aha niho hafi-net-shusho isezeranya ihura nuruziga rwukuri. Ibice bike cyane cyangwa ibice bya PM mubyukuri net-shusho kubintu bikomeye. Hafi buri gihe bakeneye a Imashini ya CNC kurangiza. Nuburyo bakora imashini nisi zitandukanye.
Ishoramari ryiza ryiza muri 17-4PH idafite ingese irashobora kugira 0.5mm kugeza kuri 1mm yimigabane hejuru yikimenyetso. Imashini nziza, byateganijwe. PM igice cya geometrie isa, na nyuma yo gucumura, irashobora gutesha agaciro kandi idahuye. Utwo dusimba twa microscopique dukora nkibintu bito bito bikata ibikoresho byawe byo gukata. Urabona igipimo cyiza, ariko igikoresho cyawe ubuzima buragabanuka. Tugomba gukora ibiryo bitandukanye / ibiryo byihuta kandi tugakoresha ubukonje bukabije kubice byacumuye hamwe nibisambo. Igiciro nyuma yo gutunganya gishobora guhanagura kuzigama mbere ya PM niba bidakozwe hakiri kare.
Reka tuvuge ku nenge. Ubusembwa bwa casting - kugabanuka k'umwobo, gushiramo umucanga - mubisanzwe ni macroscopique. Urashobora kubibona hamwe na PT cyangwa RT. Inenge ya PM ikunze kuba yoroheje: igipimo cyinshi, agace gato ka karuboni yagabanutse kuva ikirere cyangiritse. Irashobora kwerekana gusa munsi ya micrografi cyangwa igatera igice kunanirwa mugupimisha cyane. Kugenzura ubuziranenge paradigima ziratandukanye. Kubintu byingenzi bigizwe ningirakamaro, dukunze gutsimbarara ku igenzura rya radiografiya kuri casting, mugihe kubice bya PM, dushobora kwerekana ikizamini cyinshi hamwe nisesengura rya microstructural.
Kuringaniza Ibiciro: Ntabwo Byoroshye
Igikoresho nicyo cyambere kinini kigabanya. Igishoro gikomeye cyo gushora imari, cyane cyane kuri Igikonoshwa, bihenze. Urimo wubaka igishusho cyibishashara, noneho buri gikonoshwa ceramic nigikoreshwa. Kubunini buke, ni ubugome. Igikoresho cya PM-igipfa kirapfa - ni ibyuma bikomeye kandi birashobora kuba bihenze-amaso, ariko ukubita ibice kumirongo ibihumbi icumi. Ingano yamenetse ni urufunguzo. Kubiruka munsi yibice 5000, gukina akenshi utsindira igiciro cyibikoresho. Hejuru ya 50.000, PM itangira kugaragara nkibidashoboka, itanga ibikoresho nibikorwa byakazi.
Ariko rindira, hariho impungenge. Byagenda bite niba igice cyawe gifite undercut? Uruhande rwuruhande rwumukino urashobora gucungwa. Kuruhande-ibikorwa muburyo bwa PM bipfa gupfa biragoye, bigabanya gusohora igice, kandi bigatwara igiciro cyibikoresho hejuru yinzu. Mu buryo butunguranye, kuri icyo gice cya geometrike igoye, igiciro cya casting kuri buri gice cyigiciro gishobora kuba munsi yicyuma cya PM cyo mu kirere, ndetse no mububiko bwinshi. Nicaye mubishushanyo mbonera-byo-gukora-aho twahinduye ibyifuzo inshuro eshatu mugihe igishushanyo cyahinduye ikintu kimwe cyo munsi.
Igihe cyo kuyobora nikindi giciro cyo guceceka. Igikorwa cyo gukina, kuva mububiko kugeza ku ngingo ya mbere, birashobora kwihuta - ibyumweru bike. Gushakisha ifu yicyuma iburyo, cyane cyane kubisanzwe, birashobora kugira igihe cyambere cyamezi. Mugihe cyo gutanga amasoko mumyaka mike ishize, twasubije abakiriya gusubira muri casting gusa kuberako twashoboraga kubona ububiko bwa 316L butagira umuyonga kugirango dusubiremo mugihe ifu ya 316L yari ifite ibyumweru 26 bisigaye inyuma. Kwizerwa kubibazo.
Gutekereza kwa Hybrid hamwe na Glimpse
Iterambere rishimishije ntabwo riri muri casting nziza cyangwa PM yera, ahubwo ni ahantu h'imvi. Inkingi ya Injection Molding (MIM), cyane cyane PM ifite icyuma cya pulasitike, yiba umugabane mubintu bito, bigoye gushora imari. Itanga ubuso bwiza burangije nibisobanuro birenze PM gakondo. Kurundi ruhande, ufite inzira-HIP aho ufata ishoramari hanyuma ugashyushya-isostatike-kanda kugirango ukureho microporosity, iguha casting geometrie hamwe nubucucike busa. Twagerageje ibi kuri bimwe murwego rwo hejuru-ubunyangamugayo bwa turbine hamwe na nikel. Ibisubizo birashimishije, ariko ikiguzi ni ingengo yimari yindege, ntabwo ari imodoka.
Noneho hariho binder jetting hamwe nubundi buryo bwo kongera ibikoresho. Bamwe babyita PM yegeranye. Uracyahuza ifu, ariko umurongo ku rundi nta rupfu. Kuri prototypes imwe cyangwa gusimbuza igice igice aho igiciro cyo gukoresha cyica umushinga, ni umukino uhindura. Ariko kubicuruzwa byinshi hejuru yijana, umuvuduko nigiciro cyigice ntigishobora gukora kubikorwa gakondo. Biruzuzanya, ntabwo ari umusimbura.
Urebye inyuma yimyaka mirongo itatu, inzira ntabwo ari inzira imwe yo gutsinda. Byerekeranye numukino urushijeho guhuza. Uruhare rwinzobere nka Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. (QSY) ntabwo ari ugutanga gusa Igikonoshwa cyangwa gushora imari no gutunganya. Nibyunvikana ko ibintu-umutungo-gutunganya inyabutatu ihagije kugirango uyobore guhitamo kuva igishushanyo mbonera. Rimwe na rimwe, igisubizo nyacyo ni ubunyangamugayo bwo hejuru. Rimwe na rimwe, ni igice cya PM. Akenshi, ni ukumenya ibyo atari byo, no kugira uburambe - hamwe n'inkovu zatewe no gutsindwa kwahise - guhamagara mbere yuko icyuma gisukwa cyangwa ifu yigeze guhunika.
