Iyo abantu benshi bumvise 'casting', bashushanya icyuma gishongeshejwe gisukwa mumucanga. Iyo ni verisiyo y'urukundo. Ukuri ni imishyikirano ihoraho hagati yicyifuzo cyo gushushanya, fiziki yumubiri, hamwe nuburyo bwo kutababarira gukomera. Igitekerezo kinini cyane? Ko aribintu bihendutse, tekinoroji yo gukora ibice byoroshye. Gerageza kubibwira injeniyeri ufite ubunyangamugayo buhanitse bwa turbine blade kubera a casting inenge itagaragara ku jisho.
Ibyingenzi: Byerekeranye na Mold
Ibintu byose biratangira kandi akenshi birangirana nububiko. Guhitamo hagati yumucanga, gushora imari, cyangwa gushushanya ibishishwa ntabwo ari ikiguzi gusa; bijyanye na geometrie ugerageza kugeraho nubuso burangije ukeneye. Kurugero, shell mold casting, isosiyete ikunda Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. (QSY) urutonde nkumwihariko, iguha kurangiza neza no kugereranya neza kuruta umucanga usanzwe. Urayikoresha mugihe ukeneye gukora byinshi mubice bimwe hamwe nibisobanuro byiza, tekereza moteri ya moteri cyangwa umubiri wa valve. Igikonoshwa ni nkibintu byoroshye, ceramic kopi yikigereranyo cyawe.
Gushora imari nizindi mpera zurwego rwo kugorana. Urimo gukura cyane mubutaka bwa ceramic ukikije ibishashara, ushonga ibishashara, hanyuma usuke ibyuma mumurwango. Ibishashara byemerera abasazi bigoye - munsi, ibice byimbere, inyandiko nziza. Ariko inzira ni ndende, kandi ikiguzi kuri mold ni kinini. Ntabwo ari kubwinshi bwo gukora. Urabibona mubice byindege, ibikoresho byo kubaga. Ubuhanga hano ni ugucunga ibishashara, gushiramo amazi kugirango wubake igikonoshwa, hamwe na dewaxing igenzurwa utabanje kumena igikonjo cyoroshye. Pinehole imwe mugikonoshwa isobanura fin igice cyanyuma, gishobora gusobanura ikintu cyakuweho.
Aho abantu bakandagira ni muburyo. Byaba ibishishwa cyangwa umucanga, icyitegererezo kigomba kubara kugabanuka. Ibyuma bitandukanye bigabanuka kubiciro bitandukanye. Icyuma cyijimye kidafite akamaro kuri aluminium casting niba ukeneye ibisobanuro. Ugomba gushyiramo umushinga - taper kumaso uhagaritse - kugirango ubashe gukuramo igishushanyo kumusenyi udatanyaguje ifumbire. Nabonye imishinga yatinze ibyumweru kuko uwashushanyije, yamenyereye gutunganya CNC, yohereje urugero rwiza rwa dogere 90. Ntishobora gutabwa. Ugomba kuyikora nyuma, itsinze intego.
Ibikoresho ntabwo ari uguhitamo gusa kurupapuro rwamakuru
Gutoranya ibikoresho nkibyuma bitagira umwanda nintangiriro yikiganiro, ntabwo iherezo. Turimo tuvuga 304, 316, 17-4PH? Buri kimwe gitemba ukundi, kigabanuka ukundi, kandi kigakora na ogisijeni muburyo butandukanye mugihe cyo gusuka. Amayeri rwose nayandi mavuta adasanzwe QSY avuga, nka nikel ishingiye kuri nikel cyangwa cobalt ishingiye kuri superalloys. Ibi bikunze gukoreshwa mubidukikije bikabije - ubushyuhe bwinshi, ruswa. Ni abagome guta.
Ikibazo naya mavuta ni imyitwarire yabo yo gushonga hamwe na reaction. Akenshi bafite ingingo zo gushonga cyane, itanura yawe nibikoresho byingenzi bigomba kwihanganira ibyo. Ikirenzeho, barashobora kutitabira. Niba utitonze nikirere kiri mu itanura (ukoresheje vacuum cyangwa gaze ya inert), ibintu ushaka - nka aluminium cyangwa titanium kugirango ukomeze - bizahinduka okiside mu gushonga. Usigaye hamwe na chimie idahuye na spec. Ndibuka akazi ko gutwika nozzle muri cobalt. Kwiruka bike byambere byari bifite imikorere idahuye. Hindura, itandukaniro rito mubushyuhe bwo gusuka ryateraga ikintu bita microsegregation - ibintu bimwe bikomera mbere, bigatera ahantu hakeye. Tugomba gukaza idirishya ryo kugenzura ubushyuhe kuri dogere selisiyusi 30, bivuze ko twahinduye pyrometero zacu zose.
Noneho hariho amarembo no kuzamuka. Ubu ni bwo buryo bwo gukoresha amazi wateguye kugirango winjize ibyuma mu cyuho (amarembo) no kugaburira kugabanuka uko gukomera (risers). Kuburyo bworoshye bwicyuma, amategeko asanzwe akurikizwa. Kubintu bigoye, bikikijwe n'inkuta zoroshye mubyuma, bihinduka ubuhanzi. Urashaka ko icyuma cyuzuza ifu vuba kandi imivurungano ihagije kugirango idakonja imburagihe, ariko ntabwo ihindagurika cyane yangiza ifumbire kandi igatera umucanga. Impanuka zigomba kuguma zishongeshejwe kurenza igice kinini cyigice, kugaburira ibyuma byamazi kugirango bishyure kugabanuka. Wibeshye, kandi ubona kugabanuka gukabije-ahantu hacuramye, intege nke imbere isa nkigice gikomeye. Ikizamini kidasenya nka X-ray kizagisanga, hanyuma igice ni ibisakuzo.
Aho Gutera no Gukora Imashini
Ibice bike cyane byiteguye gukoresha nka-cast. Hafi ya bose bakeneye bimwe gutunganya. Aha niho umubano uri hagati yimishinga nububiko bwimashini ari ngombwa. Isosiyete ikora byombi, nka QSY hamwe nibyo bavuze Imashini ya CNC ubushobozi, ifite inyungu nini. Basobanukiwe urugendo rwose.
Urufunguzo ni ugutegura gutunganya guhera. Ugomba gushyira ibikoresho byinyongera, byitwa amafaranga yo gutunganya, hejuru yose izacibwa. Ariko ntushobora kongeramo 3mm gusa ahantu hose. Ongeraho byinshi bivuze ko urimo guta ibyuma bihenze kandi ukongera igihe cyo gukora. Ongeraho bike cyane, kandi igikata ntigishobora kweza ubuso bwose, hasigara agace k'uruhu rwambere. Ikirushijeho kuba kibi, niba gukina ubwabyo bidahagaze neza (byatewe mugihe cyo gukonjesha), umukanishi ashobora gusanga nta bikoresho byo guca ahantu hamwe cyane cyane ahandi.
Ibi twabyize inzira igoye kumushinga wamazu ya pompe. Abakinnyi basohotse neza, ariko yari ifite umuheto muto, ahari 1.5mm hejuru ya 500mm z'uburebure. Ntibisanzwe kumiterere ndende, agasanduku. Gahunda yacu yo gutunganya yafashe ubuso buringaniye. Urupapuro rwa mbere ku ruganda rwa CNC rwafashe igabanuka riremereye kuruhande rumwe hanyuma ruconga urundi. Tugomba guhagarara, kongera guhuza, no gukoresha iperereza kugirango dushushanye ubuso nyabwo, hanyuma duhindure inzira y'ibikoresho. Yongeyeho amasaha. Noneho, kubintu bikomeye byo gushyingiranwa, turashobora kwerekana kwihanganira kugororotse gushushanya cyangwa gushushanya muburyo bwo gukomera imbavu kugirango tugabanye intambara. Nubu buryo bwo guhuza ibitekerezo bitandukanya utanga ibice nabafatanyabikorwa bakora.
Intambara itagaragara: Intambara idasenya
Urashobora kugira umupira-usa neza neza birananirana rwose imbere. Aho niho NDT yinjira. Igenzura ryerekanwa nintambwe ya mbere - ushakisha inenge igaragara hejuru nko gufunga imbeho (aho imigezi ibiri yicyuma itigeze ihurira) cyangwa umwobo wumucanga. Igeragezwa ryirangi risanga ibice byacitse. Ariko ibyiringiro nyabyo biva muburyo bubona imbere.
Ikizamini cya radiografiya (X-ray) nigipimo cya zahabu mugushakisha icyuho cyimbere, kugabanuka, cyangwa kubishyiramo. Urimo gushaka igicucu muri firime. Ariko biratinda kandi bihenze. Igeragezwa rya Ultrasonic ryihuta mugutahura inenge zubutaka, nkibice biri munsi yubutaka. Cyakora wohereza amajwi yumurongo unyuze mubyuma no kumva echo. Ubuhanga bwa technicien asobanura ibimenyetso nibintu byose.
Ikibazo nuko 100% NDT kuri buri gice idakunze kuba ubukungu. Utegura gahunda yo gutoranya ukurikije kunegura igice. Imitako ishushanya irashobora kubona amashusho gusa. Umubiri urimo umuvuduko wumubiri wa peteroli? Ibyo kubona X-ray 100% kubice byose bikomeye. Igipimo ukora kuri - ASTM, ISO, MIL spec - itegeka ingano yemewe nubucucike bwinenge. Rimwe na rimwe, urasanga inenge iri mubuhanga ariko ahantu hateye ubwoba. Urohereza? Nibyo guhamagarira urubanza, ikiganiro na injeniyeri wumukiriya. Nabwirijwe kuvuga ko pore ntoya, yitaruye kure yikibazo icyo aricyo cyose ntabwo ari ingaruka zakazi, ikiza igice gihenze mubisigazwa. Ibindi bihe, ugomba kuba umwe wo guhamagara kunanirwa, nubwo byakubabaza.
Kwiyunga-Kwisi-Kwisi: Igiciro, Igihe, Imikorere
Amaherezo, casting ni bijyanye no gushaka ubwumvikane bushoboka. Ibishushanyo bifuza byoroheje, imbaraga-nyinshi, bikora neza, geometrike igoye hamwe nindorerwamo. Ishami rishinzwe kugura rirashaka amadorari 50 kumurongo. Umusaruro ukenera ibice 10,000 mugihembwe gitaha.
Ugomba guca ibyo bisabwa. Imiterere ya geometrike igusunikira kugana ishoramari, ritwara igiciro kandi rishobora kugabanya umuvuduko. Ibice 10,000 bigusunikira kugana umuvuduko mwinshi upfa guta cyangwa guhoraho, bigabanya guhitamo ibintu kandi ntibishobora kugera kubintu bigoye. Imbaraga-nyinshi zishobora gusaba ibyuma cyangwa ibivanze bidasanzwe, bigenga inzira yihuta. Urangiza hagati, wenda hamwe numusenyi wateguwe neza ukoresheje ingamba zifatika za cores, mubyuma byangirika, hamwe nubuso bukomeye bwakozwe. Ntabwo ari verisiyo nziza yuburyo bumwe, ariko ni verisiyo ishobora gukorwa neza, kubiciro, mugihe.
Ukwo ni ukuri gufatika. Ntabwo ari ukugera kubutungane mumiterere imwe. Nibijyanye no gutunganya ibintu byose bihinduka-uburyo bwububiko, ibikoresho, amarembo, kuvura ubushyuhe, gutunganya-gukubita ahantu heza kubisabwa. Utanga isoko ufite imyaka mirongo mumikino, nkikigo kimaze imyaka 30, yabonye ibyo bicuruzwa inshuro igihumbi. Ntabwo bakora gusa icapiro; barimo gusoma hagati yumurongo wibisabwa, bateganya aho inzira izasubira inyuma, no kuyobora umushinga ugana kumusaruro. Ngiyo agaciro nyako, kandi nikintu wiga gusa kukibeshya inshuro nke mbere yuko utangira kukibona neza.
