Xa abantu abaninzi besiva i-'powder metallurgy technology', ngoko nangoko bafane bafane babone iigiya ezicinezelweyo nezicoliweyo okanye iibhutsi. Leyo yinto yenqanaba lokungena, ukuphela kwempahla. Ubunzulu bokwenyani, kwaye apho unxunguphalo kunye nokuthabatheka kuqala, kuyilo lwengxubevange, i-post-processing, kunye nokulawula umsantsa phakathi kwesampulu yelebhu egqibeleleyo kunye nokuveliswa kwemveliso yeengxenye ezingamawaka alishumi ezidinga ukubetha ingxinano ethile kunye namandla okuqina. Asikokwenza nje imilo; bubunjineli besakhiwo esincinci ukusuka phantsi ukuya phezulu.
I-alloy ayisiyiyo Ifomula nje
Ungathenga imixube eqhelekileyo yentsimbi-yobhedu-khabhoni kwishelufu, kwaye iya kusebenza kwi-80% yezicelo eziqhelekileyo. Kodwa xa umxhasi ethanda Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. (QSY) iza nesicelo secandelo elidinga ukumelana nobushushu obuphezulu kwimpompo yemichiza, umdlalo utshintsha. Imvelaphi yabo kwi-alloy investment casting ekhethekileyo ithetha ukuba baqonda iimpawu eziphathekayo kwinqanaba elinzulu. Incoko isuka kowuphi owona mgubo unexabiso eliphantsi ukuya ekubeni siphinda-phinda njani ukusebenza kwe-nickel-based alloy, kodwa nge-net-shape ye-PM?
Apha kulapho umgubo osele udityanisiwe ngaphambili ngokuchasene nemixube ye-elemental ibe lukhetho olubalulekileyo. Ngeenkqubo ezisekelwe kwi-nickel, ukuhamba ngendlela esele ifakwe ngaphambili kukunika i-homogeneity, kodwa i-powder inzima, iyancipha. Urhweba ngokucinezela ngokulula ukufumana iziphumo ezingaguquguqukiyo ze-sintering. Sichithe iiveki phakathi kweepesenti ze-lubricant kunye noxinzelelo loxinzelelo ukuze sifumane enye i-0.1 g/cm3 kuxinaniso oluluhlaza kwi-analogue enzima ye-Inconel esele ifakwe ngaphambili. Ngamanye amaxesha, isisombululo asikho kushicilelo, kodwa ekukhetheni indlela ye-hybrid-undoqo wepowder esele ifakwe ngaphambili kunye nenkqubo ye-binder eyenziwe ngokwezifiso, eyazisa imingeni yayo ngexesha lokudibanisa.
Umoya we-sintering uba ngowona ubalulekileyo. Irhasi ye-endothermic elula ayizukuyinqumla kwezi ngxubevange. Sithetha i-vacuum ephezulu okanye i-ultra-high-purity hydrogen furnaces, kunye neerempu ezichanekileyo zokushisa ukulawula imvula ye-carbide. Fumana izinga lokupholisa elingalunganga, kwaye ugqibe ekubeni ube nenxalenye yokuba oomatshini abafana neglasi-i-brittle, ikrazula amasuntswana, iyonakalisa izixhobo ze-CNC ezibizayo kwi-post-sinter machining stage ukuba iinkampani ezifana ne-QSY ziya kusingatha ngokuqhelekileyo. Yindawo ye-handoff apho iziphene zenkqubo ye-PM zibe yintloko yomnye umntu.
Ubuninzi: Ukuleqa okungunaphakade
I-grail engcwele igcwele ubuninzi, okanye isondele njengoko unako ukurhweba. Kumalungu olwakhiwo, ngakumbi ezo zithatha indawo ye-forging, i-porosity lutshaba lwamandla okudinwa okuguquguqukayo. Ukucofa kabini kunye ne-double sintering (DPDS) yimpendulo yencwadi, kodwa yongeza iindleko kunye nexesha lokujikeleza. Sibe nempumelelo ethe kratya, kwezinye iimeko, ngokudityaniswa okufudumeleyo kusetyenziswa umgubo ogqunywe ngepolymer. Umgubo uhamba ngcono, upakisha ngokulinganayo kwi-complex efa-cinga ngeemilo ezintsonkothileyo ezinokwenzeka kukutyalomali okwenziwa yi-QSY, kodwa ngomgubo wesinyithi. Uxinzelelo lwe-jump ukusuka kwiqondo lokushisa ukuya kwi-130 ° C ukuxinwa kunokubaluleka, ngamanye amaxesha i-0.2-0.3 g / cm3, eguqulela ngokuthe ngqo kwiipropati ezingcono.
Ke kukho ukubumba inaliti yentsimbi (MIM), eneneni elisebe nje iteknoloji yomgubo wesinyithi. Ikufumana kufutshane-egcweleyo ingxinano kunye nokuma okuntsonkothileyo okumangalisayo, ukukhuphisana notyalo-mali. Kodwa umjikelo wokuzibophelela uliphupha elibi ukuba awulawulwa ngokugqibeleleyo. Ndibone ibhetshi yonke yentsimbi engatyiwayo ye-MIM iinxalenye zeblister kuba i-solvent debind yayinobundlongondlongo kakhulu, ibamba irhasi eyandisiweyo ngexesha lokuntywila. Iindleko zaloo ntsilelo yayingengomgubo nje; yayilixesha elilahlekileyo kumjikelezo wesithando somlilo oqhuba iiyure ezingama-20 +.
Imisebenzi ye-Post-sintering efana nokucinezela kwe-isostatic eshushu (HIP) inokuphilisa i-porosity yangaphakathi, kodwa yinkqubo yeprimiyamu. Awunayo HIP a $2 inxalenye. Igcinelwe i-aerospace okanye ukufakelwa kwezonyango. Umthi wesigqibo uhlala uhla kwimfuno yokusebenza ngokuchasene nesilingi yeendleko. Umsebenzi wam omninzi kukukhangela umthi kunye nomxhasi.
Xa PM Dibana Machining: Ujongano
Le yeyona ndlela ibalulekileyo, ehlala ingahoywa, ekudibaneni kweendlela. Zimbalwa kakhulu iinxalenye ze-PM ziyimilo yokwenene. Phantse ngalo lonke ixesha udinga umsebenzi wesibini: ukulinganisa, ukwenza imali, okanye ukwenziwa komatshini. I-porosity iyatshintsha indlela izinto ezisika ngayo. Iyagqabhuka. Ayihambisani nobushushu kude nencam yokusika njengentsimbi eyomeleleyo. Sisebenza ngokusondeleyo kunye namaqabane oomatshini-kunye nenkampani ene-QSY yamashumi amathathu eminyaka yobuchwephesha bomatshini be-CNC yibhodi yesandi esibalulekileyo-ukuphuhlisa iiparamitha.
Ngokomzekelo, ukwenza i-sintered steel flange. Ukuba ingxinano ayilingani, isixhobo sidibana nokuxhathisa okwahlukeneyo, okubangela incoko kunye nokuphela komgangatho ombi. Sasinemeko apho oomatshini be-CNC bekhalaza ngokunxiba izixhobo ezikhawulezayo. Ingxaki yayingelobakala lesixhobo; yayiyi-gradient yoxinaniso oluncinci ukusuka phezulu ukuya ezantsi kwindawo ecinezelweyo, ebangelwa ngumgubo ongalinganiyo wokuzalisa kwidie. Ulungiso lwaluyila ngokutsha intshukumo yesihlangu sokutya kwaye mhlawumbi yongeza inyathelo lokuxuba kwangaphambili ukuqhekeza i-powder agglomerates. Zezi nkcukacha zincinci zenkqubo ezahlula indawo enokusebenziseka kwethembekileyo.
Ngamanye amaxesha, esona sisombululo kukuyila inxalenye yokunciphisa umatshini. Shiya indawo ene-sintered apho unako, khankanya izibonelelo zomatshini ezibalela ukuguquguquka kwe-sintering. Yinzame yoyilo oludibeneyo phakathi kwenjineli ye-PM kunye nengcibi yoomatshini, hayi unikezelo olulandelelanayo.
I-Special Alloys Niche kunye ne-Real-World Compromises
Umsebenzi we-QSY kunye ne-cobalt kunye ne-nickel-based alloys ekwakhiweni ihambelana ngqo. Ezi zixhobo zihlala zifunwa kwi-PM yokugqoka kunye nezicelo zokushisa okuphezulu. Kodwa umgubo wezi zinto uyabiza, kwaye ifestile ye-sintering imxinwa. Kushushu kakhulu, ufumana ukukhula okuziinkozo okugqithisileyo kunye nezigaba ze-eutectic ezenza buthathaka inxalenye; ipholile kakhulu, kwaye ayifakwanga ngokupheleleyo.
Sizame ingxubevange ye-cobalt-chromium yesitulo sevalvu. Ulingo lwaseLab lwaluthembisa. Kodwa kwimveliso, ukugcina amandla ekhabhoni achanekileyo kwi-atmosphere ye-sintering kuwo wonke umthwalo omkhulu wesithando somlilo kwakungenakwenzeka. Iinxalenye ezisemaphethelweni ephenyane zazintywila ngokwahlukileyo kwezo zisembindini. Isiphumo? Ubunzima obungahambelaniyo. Ezinye izihlalo zaziza kuphelelwa ziinyanga, ezinye zazihlala iminyaka. Umxhasi, ngokuqondakalayo, wabuyela kwisisombululo esenziwe kunye nesomatshini. Oko kusilela kwandifundisa ukuba kwezinye iialloyi ezisebenza ngokuphezulu, ubuntununtunu benkqubo ye-PM bunokodlula inzuzo yayo kwezoqoqosho ngaphandle kokuba unolawulo lwelebhu kumgangatho wefektri, enqabileyo ngoqoqosho.
Amabali empumelelo akhona, kunjalo. Iintsimbi zesixhobo ezenziwe nge-PM, njengamabakala e-CPM, ziphezulu kunezo zithotyiweyo eziqhelekileyo ngenxa yokuhanjiswa kwe-carbide efanelekileyo. Oko kukuphumelela kweteknoloji. Kodwa luloyiso olwakhelwe kwizixhobo ezithile kunye nolwazi, hayi ushicilelo lwegeneric.
Ukukhangela Phambili: Kumalunga nokuManyaniswa, Hayi nje ukuBumba
Ikamva le iteknoloji yomgubo wesinyithi, ngokombono wam, incinci malunga nokwenza igiya kunye nokunye malunga nokudala amazwe ahlukeneyo. Cinga ngemveliso eyongeziweyo-ngokubalulekileyo ngumaleko-ngoluhlu lwe-PM. Okanye ukudibanisa i-amorphous powders yensimbi ibe ngamacandelo amaninzi. Umgaqo uyafana: thatha amasuntswana adityanisiweyo kwaye uwadibanise kwisiqina esihambelanayo.
Izifundo ezivela kwi-PM yendabuko-ukuphatha umgubo, ulawulo lwe-atmospheric, ulawulo lwe-shrinkage-zonke zisebenza ngokuthe ngqo kule mimandla emitsha. Iinkampani eziya kuphumelela zezo ziqonda isayensi yezinto, hayi nje oomatshini abacinezelayo. Iifemu ezine-Foundry kunye nelifa lemveli, njenge-QSY, zinomlenze ngenxa yokuba zibona ubomi obupheleleyo: ukusuka kwizinto eziluhlaza ukuya ekugqibeleni, icandelo elisebenzayo. Bayaqonda ukuba ijika le-sintering libaluleke kakhulu njengereyithi yokondla ngomatshini.
Nabani na ongena kule nto, ingcebiso yam kukufumana izandla kunye nomgubo. Yiva ukuhamba kwayo. Jonga kwi-sintered microstructure phantsi kwe-microscope ecaleni kwedatha yovavanyo lomatshini. Thelekisa imingxuma emincinci oyibonayo kunye nomphezulu wokudinwa okwaphukayo. Ithekhinoloji yeenkcukacha, apho utshintsho lwe-1% kwipharamitha yenkqubo inokukhokelela kwi-10% utshintsho ekusebenzeni. Ngumceli mngeni othe rhoqo, kunye nomdla wokwenyani wawo.
