Xa usiva 'ukwenziwa kwentsimbi echanekileyo', iingqondo ezininzi zitsibela ngqo kwi investment cast. Akulunganga oko, kodwa sisiqalo esihlala sikhumbula ihlathi ngenxa yemithi. Ukuchaneka kokwenyani akukho malunga negama lenkqubo; imalunga ne-ecosystem yonke yolawulo-ukusuka kwiminwe enyibilikayo yealloyi ukuya kukunyamezelana komatshini wokugqibela. Ndibone iiprojekthi ezininzi zivaliwe ngenxa yokuba umntu othile uchaze 'ukwenziwa ngokuchanekileyo' kumzobo ngaphandle kokuchaza ukuba oko kuthetha ukuthini kumsebenzi wenxalenye yabo. Ngaba yayikugqitywa komhlaba? Uzinzo lwe-dimensional phantsi kobushushu? Ukuhambelana kwibhetshi yamaqhekeza angama-10,000? Oko kungacaci kulapho zizalwa khona iingxaki.
Umdlalo weShell: Ngakumbi kuneSanti nje
Thatha ukubunjwa kweqokobhe. Ngamanye amaxesha igalelwa ngokugalela isanti ngokulula, kodwa oko kukungabinamsebenzi. Ukuchaneka apha kuvela kwi-resin-bonded sand mold ngokwayo. Iqinile. Oko kuqina kuthetha intshukumo encinane yodonga lokungunda ngexesha lokugalela, eliguqulela ngokuthe ngqo kwi-dimensional fidelity engcono. Asithethi ngokubamba i-intshi +/- 0.005 i-intshi kumphezulu ngamnye-yeyotyalo-mali-kodwa kwiijometri ezithile, ngakumbi izinto ezinkulu, ezigudileyo, zinokuhambelana ngokumangalisayo kwaye zingabizi kakhulu. Iqhinga kukwazi ixesha lokuyisebenzisa. Ndikhumbula isibiyeli sempompo enzima, imilo elula kodwa enemingxuma emibini ebalulekileyo. Ukugalelwa kwesanti eluhlaza kusinike ukwahluka kakhulu kwimingxuma enentsimbi, ekhokelela kwixesha elikhohlakeleyo lokuseta oomatshini. Ukutshintshela kwisingundo seqokobhe kulungiswe umba wokutshintsha okungundoqo phantse ngokupheleleyo. Ixabiso lokungunda laliphezulu, kodwa songa ngakumbi kumsebenzi wokwenza oomatshini kunye nenkunkuma. Yinto ebonakalayo leyo ukuphosa ngentsimbi echanekileyo isigqibo.
Apho ukungunda kweqokobhe kunokukuluma kukumphezulu okulindelweyo. Uya kufumana isiphelo esinesidima, ngokuqinisekileyo singcono kunesanti eqhelekileyo, kodwa iya kuba nophawu lokutya okuziinkozo. Ukuba i-spec ibiza i-pristine, i-cast-cast finish ilungele ukufakwa, unokuphoxeka. Ihlala ifuna ukuqhushumba okulula okanye ukwenziwa kwemishini. Ndifunde ukuba indlela enzima kwiprojekthi yangaphambili, ndicinga ukuba umthengi uya kuqonda inkangeleko 'njenge-cast'. Abazange benjenjalo. Ngoku, ukulawula oko kulindelwe yinxalenye yophononongo lokuqala.
Ukhetho lwezinto eziphathekayo luyadlala nalo. Sisebenzisa i-iron ductile kunye ne-carbon steel ngokusebenzisa i-shell molds kwivenkile yethu. Inkqubo iphatha umothuko we-thermal we-alloys ye-ferrous kakuhle. Kodwa ndiyibonile imizamo yokuqhuba i-alloys ephezulu ye-nickel ngokusebenzisa ukuseta okufanayo, kwaye iimpawu ze-thermal zahlukile-inokukhokelela ekukrazuleni okutshisayo ukuba i-gating kunye nokupholisa akulungiswanga. Nantso ke incasa. Inkqubo ayiloqhosha nje olicofayo; yiseti yeeparamitha ezitshatisa izinto kubumba.
Ukwenziwa koTyalo-mali: UKhetho olucacileyo, oluneengxaki ezifihlakeleyo
I-investment casting yipowusta yomntwana ukuphosa ngentsimbi echanekileyo, yaye ngesizathu esivakalayo. Iqokobhe leceramic elenziwe lijikeleze ipateni yewax likunika ukugqiba okumangalisayo komphezulu kunye nokukwazi ukubamba iinkcukacha ezintle. Kodwa 'ukuchaneka' apha akuzenzekeli. Inkqubo yepateni ye-wax ngokwayo ingumthombo onokubakho wokuhluka. Ukuba iiparamitha zenaliti yewax ayitshixwanga phantsi-ubushushu, uxinzelelo, isantya sokupholisa-ipateni yobukhulu iyaguquguquka, kwaye oko kushukuma kuyaphindwa kwiqokobhe ngalinye nakuko konke ukuphoswa kokugqibela. Ndikhe ndachitha iiveki ndicofa ucofa kwiinkqubo zewax kwilungu elitsha losapho. Ngumsebenzi odinayo, osisiseko ongabonakali umhle kodwa umisela yonke into elandelayo.
Emva koko kukho isakhiwo seqokobhe. Iidyasi zediphu, isicelo se-stucco. Ngumsebenzi wezandla, wobugcisa nakwiziko langoku. Ubuchule bobuchwephesha bokusebenzisa idyasi yokuqala eludaka bubaluleke kakhulu ukubamba iinkcukacha ezintle. Ubhityile kakhulu, kwaye usengozini yokungaphumeleli kweqokobhe okanye ukungena kwentsimbi. Ungqingqwa kakhulu, kwaye unokuphulukana neekona ezibukhali. Sakhe saba nengxaki ngeendonga ezibhityileyo kwi-manifold yentsimbi engenastainless. Iipateni zewax zazigqibelele, kodwa isinyithi 'yayihlamba' i-ceramic kwiindawo ezithile ngexesha lokugalela. Isicombululo yayingelogunya; yayilungisa i-viscosity yengubo yokuqala ye-slurry kunye nebakala lezinto ze-stucco ukwakha ukuqina ngakumbi, kodwa ngokuchanekileyo, umaleko wokuqala. Le yi-granularity yolawulo echaza ukuchaneka kokwenyani.
Kwaye ukushwabana. Wonke umntu uyazi malunga nezibonelelo ze-shrinkage zomgca, kodwa intsebenziswano phakathi kwe-alloy kunye neqokobhe le-ceramic ngexesha lokupholisa kudala imiqobo. Kwinxalenye enzima, i-alloy ayinciphisi ngokufanayo. Oku kunokukhokelela kuxinzelelo olushiyekileyo okanye, kwimeko embi kakhulu, ukuqhekeka okushushu. Sisebenza kunye ezininzi intsimbi engenasici kunye nealloys ezikhethekileyo ezifana ialloys esekwe cobalt ukwenzela ukusikwa kwevalvu. Ezi zixhobo zineendlela zazo ezikhethekileyo zokuziphatha zokucutheka kunye namandla-kwiqondo lokushisa. Inkqubo yokungena kufuneka iyilwe kungekuphela nje ukondla isinyithi, kodwa ukuvumela ukuphosa ukuba kucutheke ngokuchasana okuncinci kwiqokobhe. Ngumdaniso phakathi kwejometri, i-metallurgy, kunye nesayensi ye-ceramic. Ukugalelwa okungaphumelelanga kwixabiso le-nickel-alloy component ikufundisa ngakumbi ngalo mdaniso kunayo nayiphi na incwadi.
Ukuxhawula ngesandla ngoMachining: Apho ukuCasa ukuchaneka kungqinwe khona
Akukho ngxoxo ye ukuphosa ngentsimbi echanekileyo igqityiwe ngaphandle kokubamba machining. Abanakwahlulwa. Ukuphosa kunokuba kuhle ngokwemilinganiselo kwi-CMM, kodwa ukuba ayinabuchule okanye inobulukhuni obungaguqukiyo, liphupha elibi kumgangatho we-CNC. Kulapho imisebenzi edityanisiweyo, efana noko siye sakha kule minyaka idlulileyo, ibonisa ixabiso layo. Ingxelo yengxelo imfutshane. Ukuba iqela lomatshini lifumanisa ukuba i-drill bits igugile ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kwi-batch of castings, banokuhamba babuyele kwi-Foundry kwaye sinokujonga kwi-microstructure. Ngaba izinga lokupholisa licinyiwe? Ngaba kukho ukubunjwa kwe-carbide engalindelekanga kobu bushushu be intsimbi?
Ndikhumbula icandelo lebloko yehydraulic. I-investment casting yayikufutshane ne-net-shape, kodwa yayinemingxuma emithandathu enzulu, echaneka-chaneka yokunyamezela ekufuneka igrunjwe kwaye icofe. Iibhetshi ezimbalwa zokuqala zisebenze kakuhle. Emva koko, ibhetshi entsha yaqala ukubangela ukwaphuka kwempompo. Imilinganiselo yokuphosa yayifana. Lo mba ulandelelwe umva kuguquko oluncinci kumxholo we-phosphorus we-feedstock yensimbi engenasici, eyenze ukuba izinto zibe 'stringier' kwaye zingabinabuhlobo kakhulu ekucofeni. Ukulungiswa kwaba luhlengahlengiso oluncinci lwekhemistri kunye ne-tweak kumjikelezo we-annealing post-casting. Ngaphandle kokulawula lonke ikhonkco, ubuya kube uthumela ngaphandle umthengi wakho angakwaziyo ukuwenza ngomatshini ngokufanelekileyo, ukonakalisa ubudlelwane. Ukuchaneka sisiphumo esizisiweyo, hayi nje imeko ethunyelweyo.
Kungenxa yoko le nto iinkampani ezidibanisa ukuphosa kunye nomatshini phantsi kophahla olunye, njengaye Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. (QSY), banenzuzo yendalo kumalungu abalulekileyo. Emva kokusebenza iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu, bayaqonda ukuba i-handoff esuka kwiziko ukuya kwi-CNC ayiyontengiselwano; luqhubekeko. Isidingo somatshini wezinto ezisisiseko ezizinzileyo, eziqikelelwayo zazisa ngokuthe ngqo inkqubo ye-Foundryman. Xa ujongene nayo ialloys ezikhethekileyo zibiza imali eninzi kwaye kunzima ukuwenza ngoomatshini, oku kudityaniswa asinto ilula; yimfuneko yokuphumeza ethembekileyo, eyonga iindleko ukuphosa ngentsimbi echanekileyo iziphumo.
Izinto eziphathekayo nguMyalezo
Awukwazi ukuthetha ngokuchanekileyo ngaphandle kokuthetha izinto. Ingxubevange ayiyonto nje yomgca kwiphepha elithile; iyalela yonke inkqubo. Intsimbi kwaye intsimbi engenasici ziziphathe ngokwahlukileyo kubumba. I-stainless, enendawo yayo ephezulu yokunyibilika kunye nolwelo olwahlukileyo, ihlala ifuna amaqondo obushushu aphezulu okugalela kunye noyilo olunenkathalo ngakumbi lokungena ukunqanda i-mistruns okanye ukubandakanywa kwe-oxide. Izinto ezibizwa ngokuba 'zii-alloys ezikhethekileyo'-i-nickel-based and ialloys esekwe cobalt-elinye ihlabathi. Zihlala zigalelwa inkonzo egqithisileyo: ubushushu obuphezulu, ukubola okuphezulu, ukuxhathisa ukunxiba. Ucelomngeni lwabo oluchanekileyo luhlala lumalunga nengqibelelo. I-Porosity kwi-standard esemgangathweni inokwamkeleka; kwiblade ye-injini yejethi ephoswe kwi-nickel superalloy, yintlekele.
Sasebenza kwicandelo lempompo yokulungisa imichiza, echazwe kwi-duplex yensimbi engenasici. Ukuxhathisa umhlwa kwakubalulekile. Abalindi bokuqala baye badibana nee-dimensional specs kodwa abaphumelelanga kuvavanyo lomhlwa. Ingxaki? Ibhalansi yesigaba se-ferrite-austenite ibicimile ngenxa yokuba izinga lokupholisa ngoluhlu olubalulekileyo lobushushu khange lilawulwe ngokuqinileyo ngokwaneleyo kwiqokobhe leceramic. Ukuphumeza 'ukuchaneka' kuthetha ukulawula ubume besinyithi, hayi nje imilo yangaphandle. Kuye kwafuneka siguqule ukwakheka kweqokobhe ukuba sitshintshe kancinane iipropati zalo zokugquma kwaye siphumeze inkqubo yokupholisa elawulwayo emva kokugalela. Yongeza amanyathelo, kodwa yayikuphela kwendlela yokuhlangabezana nemfuneko yokusebenza kwezinto, eyona njongo yokwenene yokuphosa ngokuchanekileyo.
Apha kulapho ii-generic foundries zibetha khona udonga. Ukuphatha imathiriyeli engaqhelekanga ayikokuba nesithando somlilo esinokufikelela kubushushu. Imalunga nolwazi lwendlela oluqina ngayo loo ngxubevange, indlela esebenza ngayo ngezinto zokungunda ezahlukeneyo, kwaye luluphi unyango olufunekayo emva kokuphoswa kobushushu ukukhupha iipropati ezifunekayo. Lulwazi olunzulu, olukhethekileyo olwakha ngokuhamba kweminyaka, rhoqo ngolingo nangempazamo. Ufunda ukuba yeyiphi i-alloys ejongene ne-micro-shrinkage, ezo zifuna umjikelezo oshushu we-isostatic (HIP) njengenkqubo eqhelekileyo yokudilika nayiphi na i-porosity yangaphakathi. Olo lwazi yinxalenye engundoqo yenxaki echanekileyo.
Umlinganiselo Wokwenyani: Ukungqinelana kuMqulu
Ekugqibeleni, uvavanyo lokugqibela lwe-a ukuphosa ngentsimbi echanekileyo inkqubo ayikho prototype enye ogqibeleleyo. Liqhekeza le-500 kwimveliso eqhutywayo ilungile njengeyokuqala. Ukuphindaphinda ukumkani. Apha kulapho amaxwebhu olawulo lwenkqubo, iishedyuli zokuhlolwa ngokungqongqo, kunye nolawulo lwenkqubo yamanani (SPC) kungena khona. Kuncinci malunga nobugcisa nangaphezulu malunga nesayensi. Ukubeka iliso kwi-viscosity ye-slurry bath yonke imihla, ukujonga imilinganiselo yepateni ye-wax kunye ne-go / no-go gauges yonke imijikelo embalwa, ukwenza iimvavanyo ezitshabalalisayo kwiisampuli zesampulu ukujonga isandi sangaphakathi.
Sinikezela ngamacandelo e-cast ye-automotive transmission assembly. Umthamo uphezulu, ukunyamezela kuqinile, kwaye iindleko zokungaphumeleli zinkulu. Ukuchaneka apha kuchazwa ngamaxabiso e-CPK kwimilinganiselo ebalulekileyo. Ukubetha loo manani ngokuthe rhoqo, yonke into eguquguqukayo kwikhonkco kufuneka ibekwe esweni kwaye ilawulwe. Ubushushu besinyithi phambi kokuthululelwa, ukushisa kwangaphambili kwe-molds, umswakama okhoyo kwigumbi lokumisa iqokobhe (kuchaphazela amazinga omisa). Yinkqubo.
Xa usebenza neqabane like QSY, iminyaka yabo engama-30 ekwenzeni nasekusebenzeni ngoomatshini iguqulela kwiinkqubo ezimiselweyo nezisulungekileyo zolu hlobo lokuchaneka kwevolumu. Baye bazibona iindlela zokungaphumeleli, bakha iindawo zokujonga, kwaye baqonde iindleko zokuvumela iparamitha ukuba ihambe. Kumthengi, loo nkqubo yembali yokuvuthwa idla ngokuxabiseka ngaphezu komatshini omtsha omenyezelayo. Kuthetha ukothuka okumbalwa. Kwaye kwimveliso, akukho ndaba ziindaba ezimnandi. Ukuhambisa ibhetshi emva kwebhetshi elingana kwaye isebenze-leyo yinyani ezolileyo, engathandekiyo yomgangatho woshishino. ukuphosa ngentsimbi echanekileyo. Asikokwenza umsebenzi wobugcisa omnye; imalunga nokwenza amawaka alishumi afanayo, anokuthenjwa anokuthi omnye umntu akhe imveliso yakhe ngaphandle kokucinga okwesibini.
