Iyo wunvise 'ibyuma bisobanutse neza', ibitekerezo byinshi birahita bisimbukirana kwihanganira ibyemezo. Nicyo kiganiro cy'agatabo. Inkuru nyayo, imwe igena niba igice gikora cyangwa cyananiwe hasi kumaduka kumyaka, gitangira nyuma yimpapuro zitanzwe. Byerekeranye no kumvikana kutavuzwe hagati ya geometrie nziza hamwe na castability, imiterere yoroheje yubuso bwa as-cast bugira ingaruka kumibereho yumunaniro, hamwe nubushyuhe bwo kuvura ubushyuhe bwubushyuhe bwihariye bwibyuma nta bipimo bifata neza. Nabonye ibishushanyo byinshi bisa neza neza muri CAD ariko ni inzozi zo kumarembo na riser, biganisha ku kugabanuka imbere kugaragara gusa munsi ya X-ray cyangwa, bibi, muri serivisi. Ibisobanuro ntabwo biri mubipimo gusa; Byinjijwe mumurongo wose wibikorwa, kuva ibishashara byambere kugeza kurasa rya nyuma.
Ibishushanyo Byibitonyanga-Mu Gusimbuza
Umutego usanzwe, cyane cyane kubashinzwe gufata neza, ni gufata ibice bisobanutse neza nkibisanzwe, ibitonyanga bisimburwa kubeshya cyangwa guhimba. Icapiro rinini rishobora guhura, ariko ibahasha yimikorere irashobora kuba itandukanye cyane. Fata icyuma cyoroshye. Igihimbano gifite ingano zikurikira icyuma, gitanga kurwanya cyane isuri. A. ibyuma byuzuye yuburyo bumwe bufite imiterere ihwanye ningano. Niba utabaze ibi muguhitamo kwawe-birashoboka guhitamo icyiciro gikaze cyumuyonga nka CA-15 aho kuba 304 isanzwe - uzabona gutsindwa imburagihe muri serivisi mbi. Gukina biguha imiterere idasanzwe, ariko ucuruza imbaraga zicyerekezo. Ugomba gushushanya inzira yo gukina, ntabwo hamwe nubunini bwayo gusa.
Ibi twabyize inzira igoye imyaka yashize hamwe nabakiriya ba valve. Byari ugusimbuza igice cyimashini. Twakubise ibipimo byose dukoresheje gushora imari. Ariko yari progaramu yumuvuduko mwinshi. Igice cyambere cyakorewe imashini cyari gifite imbaraga zo kugabanya ibibazo byoroshye gusya ariko biteye ubwoba guta udashizeho ahantu hashyushye. Twayijugunye nkuko byacapwe, kandi yatsinze hydro-test. Ariko mu gusiganwa ku magare y’ubushyuhe, micro-crack yatangiriye kuri izo mpande zimbere - ibyago bya kasike ya kasike twari twarashyizeho amabendera ariko dusabwa gukomeza. Ntabwo byananiye ibyago, ariko byatangiye kurira nyuma yizunguruka nke. Gukosora ntabwo kwari ugutezimbere abakinnyi; kwari ukwicarana na injeniyeri wabo hanyuma ugahindura muburyo bwihuse umwirondoro wa groove kuri radiyo ishobora guterwa, gutamba gato igishushanyo mbonera cyambere kigamije inyungu nini mugihe kirekire. Nubufatanye busobanura neza neza.
Aha niho uburambe bwumushinga buba butaganirwaho. Iduka nka Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. (QSY), hamwe nimyaka mirongo itatu muri shell no gushora imari, yabonye ibi bintu bikina inshuro zitabarika. Agaciro kabo ntabwo mugukora igishashara gusa; ni mubitekerezo bya DFM kare (Igishushanyo mbonera cyo gukora). Iyo barebye igishushanyo, baba biruka mumutwe banyuze mu gikonoshwa, gusuka, guhangayika. Iyo nda-yumve igenzura, yavutse mumyaka mirongo yo gukora no gukosora, nibyo birinda amakosa ahenze. Nukuyobora kuyobora uwashushanyije kugice cyaba gikora kandi kavukire.
Ibikoresho ntabwo ari amanota gusa
Kugaragaza 316 idafite umwanda kuri a igice cyo gutora neza ni Gufungura isoko. Ninde 316? Gushonga bisanzwe? Carbone nkeya 316L yo kurwanya ruswa nyuma yo gusudira? Cyangwa verisiyo yahinduwe ifite igenzura rikomeye kubintu bya ferrite kugirango wirinde kwinjiza sigma muri serivisi yubushyuhe bwo hejuru? Guhitamo ibinyobwa bigenda birushaho kunengwa hamwe nibidasanzwe. Twari dufite umushinga wo gutanura itanura risaba nikel ishingiye kuri nikel. Icapiro ryavuze Inconel 625. Ariko kubice byabona ubushyuhe burambye hamwe numutwaro uhoraho, urwego rusanzwe rwa 625 rwo gutora ntirwari rwiza. Twasunitse kugirango duhindure gato muri aluminium na titanium kugirango turusheho gukomera-guturika, igitekerezo cyaturutse kuri metallurgiste ku ruganda twafatanije. Yongeyeho wenda 5% kubiciro byibikoresho ariko byikubye kabiri ubuzima bwa serivisi. Nibyo byukuri kurwego rwa atome.
Noneho hariho post-casting yukuri. Icyiciro kimwe uhereye kubishingwe bibiri bitandukanye birashobora kwitwara bitandukanye nyuma yo kuvura ubushyuhe. Iramanuka kumyitozo yo gushonga, deoxidation, ndetse nubushyuhe bwo kwisuka. Uruganda rwinzobere ibyuma hamwe nudusanduku twihariye, nka QSY ibivuga murwego rwabo, izaba ifite resept zabo no kuzimya ibitangazamakuru bikunda kugirango bikubite ibikoresho bya mashini bikenewe. Ntushobora gutekereza gusa ko 4140 ibyuma bizakubita 280 BHN nyuma yo kuzimya igitabo. Ugomba kubigerageza, guca ama coupons kubiruka, no kugerageza. Ibisobanuro bifunze mugucunga inzira, ntabwo biri muri raporo ya chimie gusa.
Ubuso ni moteri
Kimwe mu bintu byirengagijwe igice cyicyuma gisobanutse neza ni as-guta hejuru kurangiza. Abantu bashishikajwe no kumenya ukuri kandi bakibagirwa ko imiterere yubuso aribwo buryo bwambere bwo kwangirika, umunaniro, no kwambara. Igishoro cyiza cyo gushora kigomba gusohoka gifite ubuso bugaragara hafi ya Ra 3.2 mm cyangwa nziza, igororotse uhereye mugikonoshwa. Ariko ibyo ni impuzandengo. Munsi ya microscope, urashobora kubona okiside nkeya, umunota hejuru yubusa, cyangwa igishishwa cya orange kiva mubutaka bwa ceramic. Kumubiri wa hydraulic valve, nibyiza cyane. Ku kashe ifite imbaraga cyangwa igice kinini cyumunaniro, ntabwo aribyo.
Aha niho kwishyira hamwe no gutunganya, QSY yerekana n'ubushobozi bwabo bwa CNC, ni ngombwa cyane. Ibikorwa-byukuri byakazi nkunze kubona ni: guta hafi-net-shusho, gusiga ibintu bike (akenshi 0.5mm gusa cyangwa birenze munsi ya datum igaragara), hanyuma imashini. Ariko amayeri ari murukurikirane. Waba uhangayitse mbere yo gukora imashini itoroshye? Nigute ushobora gufata casting idasanzwe udatera kugoreka? Twigeze kugira igice cyoroshye cya turbine. Gukina byari byiza. Ariko mugihe CNC yikomye kubucukuzi bwa bolt, umuvuduko muke wagoretse umwirondoro wose. Igisubizo kwari ugushushanya ibintu byoroshye, bihuza byashyigikiraga inyuma yose, ikintu itsinda ryimashini ryateje imbere hamwe naba injeniyeri ba casting. Nibi biganza hagati yo gukina no gutunganya bitandukanya igice cyiza nigice kinini. Gutora neza biraguha 95% ngaho; ubwenge bwo gutunganya no kurangiza imisumari 5% yanyuma isobanura kwizerwa.
Iyo Ibyiza Bihagije Ntabwo
Umuvuduko wubucuruzi uhora ugabanya ikiguzi: koresha ibikoresho bike, inzinguzingo zihuse, ibinyobwa bihendutse. Ariko hamwe nibice byukuri, ikiguzi cyo gutsindwa ni kinini kuburyo ibyiza bihagije ari igipimo giteye akaga. Bikunze kumanuka mubizamini bidasenya (NDT). Radiografiya (X-ray) nibisanzwe kubice bikomeye. Ariko urareba ahantu heza? Uruganda rugomba gushobora kukubwira, ukurikije igishushanyo mbonera, aho kugabanuka gukabije kugaragara. Aho niho wibanda kuri X-ray yawe. Kubice byo hejuru, fluorescent penetrant ubugenzuzi (FPI) nibyiza, ariko kubutunenge bwubutaka mubice byubusugire buke nkibiri mu kirere cyangwa mubuvuzi, ushobora gukenera kwipimisha ultrasonic.
Ndibuka icyiciro cya cobalt-chromium alloy ibice kubikoresho byubuvuzi. Batsinze igenzura ryerekana amashusho. Ariko mugihe cyubugenzuzi busanzwe, twahisemo gukora FPI yagutse kurugero. Habonetse umusatsi wuzuye hafi yo gukuraho irembo kubice bike. Intandaro? Kudahuza gato muburyo bwo guteka igikonoshwa kizunguruka, biganisha ku marira ashyushye. Ntabwo byari kunanirwa kuri sisitemu, ariko byishe icyiciro cyose. Uruganda rwariye ikiguzi, byanze bikunze, ariko isomo rinini ryari gahunda yo gutoranya no gutembera. Nubwo ufite uburambe bwimyaka 30, ntushobora kwirara. Buri bushyuhe, buri gikonoshwa, nikintu gishya. Ubusobanuro burakomezwa binyuze muburyo butajegajega bukurikirana hamwe na paranoia nzima.
Igipimo nyacyo cyo kumenya neza
None, niyihe ngingo ya nyuma yerekana urwego rwo hejuru ibyuma byuzuye? Ntabwo arikintu cyambere kibengerana kumeza yinama. Nibikorwa byumwaka wa 3, Umwaka wa 5.Ni ubudahangarwa mugukora ibicuruzwa bingana 10,000, aho igice cya 1 nigice 10,000 gihurira munteko imwe hamwe n’ibisobanuro bimwe, bikerekana kurwanya ruswa imwe, kandi bitwara umutwaro umwe. Ukwo guhuzagurika kuvuka muburyo bukuze, bugenzurwa numuco udaca inguni.
Nibishingwe byahinduye ibihe byinshi byubucuruzi, gushora imari muburyo bwo kugenzura imikorere nko gusuka ubushyuhe bwubushyuhe hamwe nubushakashatsi bw’ubushuhe, kandi cyane cyane, bwagumanye abahanga mu gukora imashini n’abakora itanura. Iyo ukorana numufatanyabikorwa nka QSY, ntabwo uba ugura urutonde rwibikoresho byabo gusa. Urimo kugura ububiko rusange bwiyo myaka 30 - kwibuka ibitera igihu gikora mugice cyoroshye, uburyo umusemburo runaka utemba muburyo bugoye, nuburyo bwo guhinduranya ubushyuhe bwo kuvura umurongo wa geometrie runaka. Nibyo bidasobanutse neza ntushobora gushyira kurupapuro rwihariye ariko ni itandukaniro riri hagati yikintu n'umutungo wizewe.
Mu kurangiza, igice ni ibihangano bifatika. Igicuruzwa nyacyo nukuri ko kizakora. Uku gushidikanya kwubatswe mubufatanye bwinyangamugayo, gusobanukirwa ibintu byimbitse, kubaha ibyifuzo, hamwe no kwanga kubyemera birashoboka. Aho niho ubukorikori nyabwo, nagaciro nyako, mubyuma byerekana neza ibinyoma.
