Xa abantu abaninzi besiva 'i-advanced powder metallurgy', bakhawuleza bacinge ngendawo yobugcisa be-aerospace okanye mhlawumbi ezo zifakelweyo zonyango zintsonkothileyo. Ayonto iphosakeleyo, kodwa yimbonakalo yencwadana ekhanyayo. Inyani, ukugaya imihla ngemihla, kungaphezulu malunga nokusombulula iingxaki ezibambekayo: uyifumana njani loo giya inzima ukubamba imilo yayo ngokuntywila ngaphandle kokungqubana, okanye uhlala ubetha njani ubuninzi be-7.4 g / cm3 kwimveliso yokwenziwa kweziqwenga ezingama-50,000? Inxalenye 'ephambili' ayingomgubo wezinto nje; lulonke lwekhonkco lokucinga, ukusuka ekuphatheni umgubo ukuya kwisayingi yokugqibela. Uninzi lweevenkile zibanga amandla apha, kodwa usathana usezinkcukacha uninzi lwamaphepha angakhange athethe.
Isiseko: Iqala kwaye iyeke ngePowder
Wonke umntu ucinga ngokucinezela kunye nokuntywila, kodwa ukuba isitokhwe sakho somgubo asilunganga, wakha esantini. Ndizibonile iiprojekthi zisilela ngenxa yokuba umgubo wegesi ye-atomized steel stainless steel wawunokuhanjiswa kancinci kancinci. Ukuqukuqela kwidayiti kwakungahambelani, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimithamo yoxinaniso ebonakala njengeentanda emva konyango lobushushu. Awunakuyilungisa loo nto kamva. Ukhetho phakathi kwamanzi atomized kunye negesi atomized akukho nje malunga neendleko; imalunga nobomi bokudinwa inxalenye yokugqibela. Kwintonga yokudibanisa i-auto-stress high-stress esisebenze kuyo, i-gas-atomized powder's spherical particles kunye nomxholo ophantsi we-oksijeni wawungenakuxoxisana, nakwi-premium ye-30%. Kulapho i-metallurgy ephuculweyo yomgubo iqala ngokwenene-kwinqanaba lezinto eziluhlaza, ngokuqonda okunzulu malunga nendlela i-powder morphology echaza ngayo yonke into ephantsi.
Emva koko kukho ukudibanisa. Kuvakala kulula: xuba isiseko somgubo wentsimbi kunye negraphite, i-lubricant, kwaye mhlawumbi nobhedu. Kodwa ukufezekisa umxube olinganayo ongahluliyo ngexesha lokuthutha ukuya kumaphephandaba yindlela encinci yobugcisa. Sakhe saba nebhetshi yamacandelo apho ubulukhuni bomphezulu bugqibelele, kodwa undoqo wawuthambile. Kusithathe iveki ukuyilandela emva ekudibaneni kwezithambiso ngexesha logqithiselo elongeziweyo. Inkqubo 'ephuculweyo' yathotywa ngumba wokusingatha imathiriyeli esisiseko. Sisikhumbuzo esithobekileyo sokuba le teknoloji ihleli ekudibaneni kwekhemistri, fiziksi, kunye nobunjineli obusebenzayo.
Oku kujoliswa kwegranular kwi-feedstock yiyo loo nto ibaluleke kakhulu intsebenziswano nababoneleli abathembekileyo. Akukhona nje ngokuthenga umgubo; imalunga nokuba nencoko yababini yobugcisa kwi-lot-to-lot consistency. Inkampani efana ne-Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. (QSY), kunye namashumi eminyaka ekubunjweni ngokuchanekileyo kunye nokusebenza ngomatshini, iyakuqonda oku ngaphakathi. Ngelixa i-core yabo ku-https://www.tsingtaocnc.com ibalaselisa ukubunjwa kwegobolondo kunye ne-CNC machining, ukuba ukusebenzisana kwexesha elide kunye nesayensi yezinto-ingakumbi ii-alloys ezikhethekileyo ezifana ne-nickel-based-iguqulela kwintlonipho yesiseko kwiipropati eziphathekayo ezixhamla ngokuthe ngqo nayiphi na i-foray kwi-powder metallurgy component production okanye ukugqiba.
Umba wokuNxinzelela kwiZixhobo kunye namandla okuHlaza
Uyilo lwezixhobo ze-PM lilizwe lalo. Ayingomngxuma nje; yinkqubo yokusasazwa komgubo, ukucudisa, kunye nokukhupha. Ii-engile zoyilo zincinci, ukuguquguquka kodonga kuyakhohlisa, kwaye ii-undercuts aziqhelekanga ukungahambi ngaphandle kokuba ubumba inaliti yentsimbi (umzala we-PM). Senze isixhobo se-sprocket kunye nefom yezinyo elincinci le-helical. Ephepheni, kwakulungile. Enyanisweni, ukungqubuzana okungalinganiyo ngexesha lokukhupha kubangele i-laminations yemizuzu kwindawo eluhlaza. Zazingabonakali de sintering, xa zivuleke njengeempazamo ezincinci. Kwafuneka sibuyele umva, silungelelanise ukugqiba isixhobo kunye nokulandelelana kwe-ejection-i-tweaks encinci ebiza iiveki ezimbini ekuqhutyweni kwelingo.
Amandla aluhlaza-amandla enxalenye yomgubo odityanisiweyo ngaphambi kokuntywila-yenye ipharamitha ebaluleke kakhulu kodwa ehlala ingahoywa. Imisela ukuba inxalenye yakho inokusinda xa iphathwa, ikhutshwe ngumgubo, kwaye ibekwe kwi-tray ye-sintering. Iphantsi kakhulu, kwaye iyawohloka; phezulu kakhulu, kwaye usenokuba uxinene kakhulu, nto leyo izisa ezayo iingxaki. Ndikhumbula umxhasi osuka kwishishini lezixhobo zamandla owayefuna indlu entsonkothileyo, enodonga olucekethekileyo. Siyifumene ijiyometri, kodwa indawo eluhlaza ibibuthathaka kangangokuba ifuna inkqubo yokuphatha irobhothi. Inxalenye yaba yimpumelelo yobugcisa, kodwa uqoqosho lwemveliso lwaba lucelomngeni. Lulo olo luthe gqolo ukurhweba ngaphakathi i-metallurgy ephuculweyo yomgubo: ukutyhala imida yejometri ngelixa ugcina ukomelela kwemveliso.
Kulapho i-synergy kunye ne-post-sinter machining ibaluleke kakhulu. Rhoqo, inkqubo ye-PM ikufumana i-95% apho, kodwa unyamezelo olubalulekileyo okanye iimpawu ezinjengemingxuma ephothiweyo ifuna ukwenziwa ngoomatshini. Ukuba nobuchule bokwenza oomatshini endlini, njengezakhono ze-CNC ezizinikeleyo ze-QSY, luncedo olukhulu. Awuyenzi nje inxalenye ye-PM; uyinjineli indlela yokwenza. I-machinist kufuneka iqonde isakhiwo se-sintered material - i-porous, echaphazela ukunxiba kwesixhobo kunye nokusika amandla ngokwahlukileyo kunezinto ezenziweyo. Olo lwazi luvaliweyo ukusuka kwi-sintering ukuya kwi-machining yokugqibela luthintela uninzi lokukhombana ngeminwe kunye neendawo ezingaphumeleliyo.
Sintering: Apho umlingo kunye neempazamo zenzeke
I-Sintering yintliziyo yenkqubo. Ngumdaniso oshushu onexesha, ubushushu kunye nomoya. Isithando somlilo esisemgangathweni sebhanti silungile kumalungu amaninzi, kodwa xa ungena i-metallurgy ephuculweyo yomgubo kunye ne-alloys ephezulu yokusebenza, uhlala ujonga i-vacuum sintering okanye i-atmospheres ephezulu yoxinzelelo. Injongo kukwenza iibhondi ze-metallurgical phakathi kwamasuntswana omgubo ngaphandle kokunyibilika yonke into. Ibhalansi eethe-ethe.
Ulawulo lwe-atmosphere yinto yonke. Ukuvuza okuncinci kwiziko le-hydrogen-nitrogen emoyeni kunokungenisa ioksijini, okukhokelela kwi-oxidation yomphezulu eyonakalisa indawo. Sakhe safaka ibhetshi yamalungu ealloyi asekwe kwi-nickel ukwenzela usetyenziso lwemekobume eyonakalisayo. Uxinaniso kunye novavanyo lobulukhuni lwalugqibelele emva kwe-sinter. Kodwa ngexesha lovavanyo lokutshiza ityuwa, baye basilela kwangaphambi kwexesha. Umoni? Umaleko wokuncipha kwekhabhoni ongabonakali kakuhle kumphezulu, iimicrons ezimbalwa ezityebileyo, ezibangelwa kukungalingani kwe-atmosfera ngexesha lokubamba ubushushu obuphezulu. Izigodo zesithando somlilo zibonise ukuntywila okuncinci kuxinzelelo lwerhasi esinokuthi siyikhuphe njengengxolo. Yayisisifundo esinexabiso elikhulu ekugadweni kwedatha.
Ireyithi yokupholisa yenye i-lever. Kwamanye amabakala ensimbi, unokulungelelanisa icandelo lokupholisa lesithando somlilo ukuze ufezekise i-microstructure ethile, ngokufanelekileyo ukwenza unyango lokushisa kwi-line. Olu hlanganiso luphawu lweenkqubo eziphambili. Iphelisa umsebenzi wesibini kodwa ifuna ulawulo olugqibeleleyo. Indikhumbuza ngokuchaneka okufunekayo kwiinkqubo zotyalo-mali zotyalo-mali kwiincakuba ze-injini yomoya, apho ulawulo lwe-thermal luchaza ubume beenkozo. Iinkampani ezikwazile ukuqiniswa kokulawulwayo, njengazo zinamava kutyalo-mali (inkonzo ephambili ye-QSY), zinenkqubo yolwazi eshushu edluliselwa ngokuthe ngqo ekulawuleni ijika le-sintering.
Emva koKusetyenzwa: UkuQeda okanye UkuQeda
Abaninzi bacinga ukuba inxalenye yenziwa emva kokucoca. Kude noko. Amalungu e-Sintered ahlala efuna ubungakanani (ucinezelo lokugqibela), unyango lomphunga, ukufakwa kwe-oyile, okanye iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokwaleka. Unyango lwe-Steam, umzekelo, ludala umaleko we-magnetite (Fe3O4) ophucula ubulukhuni kunye nokumelana nomhlwa kwiindawo ezisekwe kwintsimbi. Kodwa ukuba ubushushu bomphunga okanye ixesha licimile, ufumana i-oxide engalunganga, kwaye inxalenye iyarusa endaweni yokukhuselwa. Linyathelo lokugqiba elifuna intlonipho enkulu njengowona msitho uphambili.
Ukufakwa kweoli kuqhelekile kwiibheringi zokuzithambisa. Ingcamango kukugcwalisa i-porosity edibeneyo ngeoli. Kuvakala ngokuthe ngqo, kodwa ukuphumeza ngokupheleleyo, ukumiliselwa okufanayo kwibhetshi enomthamo omkhulu kunzima. Sisebenzise iinkqubo zokufakwa kwevacuum, kodwa nangona kunjalo, ukuqhelaniswa nenxalenye kwimiba yebhasikithi. Inxalenye enomngxuma oyimfama inokubamba umoya, idale indawo eyomileyo ekhokelela ekunxibeni kwangaphambi kwexesha emsebenzini. Ukusombulula oku akukho malunga nobuchwephesha obunqabileyo; imalunga noyilo olucingisisiweyo kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwenkqubo.
Le ngqalelo ekugqityweni yiyo eyahlula inxalenye esebenzayo kwindawo ehlala. Yifilosofi efanayo oyibona kwintembeko ephezulu yokuphosa kunye nokusebenza ngomatshini. Ixabiso lokugqibela alikho nje kwimilo ekufutshane-netha; ikwintsebenzo eqinisekisiweyo. Xa umenzi ofana ne-QSY edwelisa umsebenzi wabo kunye ne-cobalt kunye ne-nickel-based alloys kwizicelo ezifunwayo, oko kuthetha ukuba i-spectrum iyakwazi ukukwazi ukwenza nje kuphela kodwa igqibe icandelo lokusinda kwiimeko zangempela-nokuba ivela kwi-casting mold okanye i-PM compaction die.
I-Real-World Fit kunye neNyaniso yezoQoqosho
Ngoko nini i-metallurgy ephuculweyo yomgubo iyavakala? Ayisoze yodwa inketho. Uhlala uwulinganisela ngokuchasene nomatshini ovela kwisitokhwe sebha, utyalo-mali, okanye ukwenza. Indawo eswiti intsonkothile, iinxalenye ezinomthamo ophezulu apho ukusetyenziswa kwezinto kubalulekile. Cinga nge-helical gear yokuhanjiswa: ukuyifaka kwi-steel bar inkunkuma ngaphezu kwe-60% yezinto eziphathekayo njengeetshipsi. I-PM inokuba ne-95% yemveliso yemveliso. Xa usenza amakhulu amawaka, oko kugcinwa kwezinto kuhlawulela isixhobo ngokukhawuleza.
Kodwa akusiyo yonke into. Imiqulu ephantsi? Iindleko zezixhobo ziyayibulala. Amalungu amakhulu kakhulu? Cinezela i-tonnage kunye nobukhulu beziko buyanciphisa. Amalungu afuna okugqithisileyo, i-isotropic ductility? Izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo zisaphumelela. Undoqo luvavanyo olunyanisekileyo. Ndiye ndathetha nabathengi ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-PM xa umthamo wabo weprototype wamaqhekeza angama-500 khange bathethelele isixhobo se-80k yeedola, ukubaqhubela endaweni yokusebenzela okanye ukudityaniswa kwejetting yeprototyping. Injongo kukusebenzisa isixhobo esifanelekileyo somsebenzi.
Ukukhangela phambili, ukuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe apho iinzuzo ezilandelayo zikhona. Ukudibanisa i-PM preforms kunye ne-machining encinci ye-CNC yeqhinga, okanye ukusebenzisa i-PM ukwenza ii-composites zezinto ezizodwa (ezifana nentsimbi efakwe ubhedu kwi-conductivity ephezulu kunye namandla) angenakwenzeka ukwenza ngezinye iindlela. Kukwezi ndlela zemixube apho amava anzulu okwenziwa kwefemu axabiseke kakhulu. Ukukwazi ukujonga inxalenye yomzobo kwaye ungaboni nje inxalenye ye-PM, kodwa ubone indlela enokubakho enokuthi ibandakanye i-PM yomzimba, inqaku lomatshini lomsonto obalulekileyo, kunye nengubo ekhethekileyo yokumelana nokunxiba-leyo yinto epheleleyo, isiphelo esisebenzayo somgubo we-metallurgy ophezulu. Iyayeka ukuba yinkqubo ezimeleyo kwaye ibe yikhadi elinamandla kwindawo ebanzi yezisombululo zokuvelisa.
