Xa usiva 'inxalenye yentsimbi', iingqondo ezininzi zitsibela ngqo kwimilo yokugqibela—ijometri emzobo. Leyo yimbono yokuqala ephosakeleyo. Inxalenye yokwenyani ayikho nje imilo; yimbali yonke yesinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo, isimilo somngundo, uxinzelelo lokupholisa lutshixelwe ngaphakathi, kunye nomsebenzi wezandla osoloko ungahoywa oza emva kokuvuthulula. Lutshintsho olubonakalayo olunenkumbulo, hayi ikopi elula-uncamathisele esuka kwiCAD.
Umdlalo weShell: Ngakumbi kuneSanti nje
Thatha ukubunjwa kweqokobhe, enye yeendlela zethu eziphambili kwi-QSY. Abantu bacinga ukuba imalunga nokugqitywa komphezulu ongcono, kwaye kunjalo-sithetha ngeRa 6.3 ukuya kwi-12.5 μm ngqo ngaphandle kokungunda. Kodwa eyona nuance yokwenyani kukuwohloka kwesanti edityaniswe nentlaka. Yento entsonkothileyo intsimbi yokugalela inxalenye ngemijelo yangaphakathi okanye amacandelo abhityileyo, ukuba elo qokobhe alivelisi kakuhle ngexesha lokupholisa, ufumana iinyembezi ezishushu. Hayi iintanda ozibona ngoko nangoko, kodwa zilungile, ubuthathaka beenwele ezibonisa kuphela phantsi kovavanyo loxinzelelo okanye umatshini. Sifunde oku kabuhlungu kwiminyaka eyadlulayo kuthotho lwezindlu zempompo. Imilinganiselo egqibeleleyo, isiphelo esihle, kodwa i-30% yezinga lokungaphumeleli kuvavanyo lwe-hydro. Umoni? Ukwenziwa kweqokobhe lomelele kakhulu ekucuthekeni kokuqina kwekhabhoni ephantsi. Kuye kwafuneka sicofe umva umxholo we-resin waloo msebenzi uthile, sincama ukomelela komngundo wokuqala ukubola ngcono. Ayikhe ibenye isethingi ingena zonke.
Kwaye inkqubo yokungena yokubumba iqokobhe lirhamncwa elahlukileyo. Ngenxa yokuba isikhunta sincinci kwaye sichanekile, isinyithi sihamba ngokukhawuleza, sipholile ngokukhawuleza. Awunakusebenzisa izibalo zesikhuphukeli esifanayo njengoko ubuya kwenza kubumba obuninzi besanti eluhlaza. Sihlala sisebenzisa amancinci, izinyusi ezininzi ezibekwe kufutshane namacandelo ashinyeneyo. Ijongeka incinci incwadi yokufunda, kodwa iyasebenza. Injongo kukondla i-shrinkage ngaphandle kokudala amaziko amakhulu okushisa abe yimimandla yokwahlula. Ngamanye amaxesha, esona sisombululo sibalaseleyo kwisoftware yokulinganisa sifuna ipragmatic, i-tweak embi kumgangatho wesiseko.
Ukhetho lwezinto eziphathekayo lubalulekile apha. Ukubumba iqokobhe kusebenza kakuhle ngekhabhoni kunye neentsimbi ezisezantsi. Kodwa xa sifika kwamanye amanqanaba aphakamileyo, ukucima-kunye nobushushu, ukupholisa ngokukhawuleza okuhambelana negobolondo elincinci kunokukhokelela kubunzima obuphezulu kunobunqwenelekayo kwiindawo ezincinci, okwenza ukuba umatshini olandelayo ube yingozi. Kuya kufuneka ujongane ne-as-cast microstructure kwasekuqaleni, ngamanye amaxesha ude ulungelelanise ukubunjwa kwentsimbi kancinane kunye nelitye lokusila ukuhlawulela umjikelo wethu wobushushu. Yincoko, hayi nje umyalelo.
Ukwenziwa koTyalo-mali: Ukuchaneka ngexabiso (loBuntsokotho)
Ukuphosa utyalo-mali, okanye i-wax elahlekileyo, kulapho ufumana khona loo mimangaliso ye-net-shape. Ukunyamezela ngaphakathi ± 0.005 intshi nge-intshi kunokwenzeka. Kodwa ibinzana elinokwenzeka lenza umsebenzi omninzi. Inkqubo yokutofa imodeli ye-wax ngokwayo yazisa izinto eziguquguqukayo-iqondo lokushisa lokutofa, uxinzelelo, ubushushu bokufa. Ukuguquguquka kwamadigri ambalwa kunokutshintsha i-shrinkage ye-wax, esasaza ngokuthe ngqo kwigobolondo ye-ceramic, kwaye ekugqibeleni ibe yintsimbi. Sakhe sachitha iiveki ezimbini sileqa idimensional drift kwintsimbi yentsimbi engenasici. Yonke into ekwinkqubo yayikwi-spec. Ekugqibeleni, sajonga imozulu. Yayiyiveki efumileyo yehlobo. Iipateni ze-wax zazifunxa ukufuma emoyeni phakathi kwenaliti kunye nokudibanisa, ukudumba okuncinci. Ukulungiswa? Ukulawulwa kwemozulu kwemithi yewax. Incinci, iinkcukacha ezingezizo ezobuchwephesha ezineziphumo ezinkulu zobugcisa.
Inkqubo yokwakha iqokobhe kwi-investment casting bubugcisa bomaleko. Idiphu nganye eludaka, usetyenziso ngalunye lwesanti yestucco, ichaphazela iqokobhe lokugqibela lokungena nokomelela. Ingena kakhulu, kwaye intsimbi inokungena, ibangele umphezulu orhabaxa. Ixinene kakhulu, kwaye ubeka umngcipheko wokuqhekeka kwegobolondo ngexesha lokutshiswa kobushushu obuphezulu okanye ukugalela. Kwimeko ebalulekileyo intsimbi yokugalela inxalenye njengeblayidi ye-injini ye-injini okanye icandelo lofakelo lwezonyango, sinokusebenzisa imathiriyeli eyahlukileyo yebhatyi yeprayimari (yobuso)-mhlawumbi i-zirconia endaweni ye-silica-kukusebenza okungcono kweekhemikhali ngokuchasene ne-alloy yensimbi esebenzayo. Oku akukho kwincwadana eqhelekileyo; yakhiwe ukususela kwiminyaka yovavanyo kunye neempazamo, kunye neemfumba ezimbalwa ezinqabileyo ezinqabileyo.
Emva koko kukho ukuchithwa kwewaxing. I-autoclave ye-Steam ixhaphakile, kodwa kumaqela amakhulu okanye anzima ngakumbi, ukudubula kwe-flash kuyasetyenziswa. Yenza eli nyathelo lingalunganga, kwaye iqokobhe liyaqhekeka kwi-wax eyandisiweyo ebanjisiweyo. Iqokobhe eliqhekekileyo alisoloko lithetha ukuvuza kwentsimbi ebonakalayo; ngamanye amaxesha ibangela amaphiko okanye imithambo kwindawo yokuphosa. Awunakuyibona de kube emva kokuba i-ceramic ikhutshwe. Yiyo loo nto iilog zolawulo lwenkqubo yeqela ngalinye ziyigolide. Kufuneka ulandele umva. Ngaba igophe loxinzelelo lwe-autoclave laliqhelekile ngolo suku? Ngaba iqondo lobushushu leqela phambi kokuba i-dewaxing lilingane? Ngumsebenzi wabacuphi.
UMatshini we-CNC: Apho Ukuphoswa Kwenyani kuvela khona
Apha kulapho ukuphoswa kwethiyori kuhlangana nobunyani obukhohlakeleyo. A intsimbi yokugalela inxalenye ayisiyiyo ibhloko efanayo yezinto zebillet. Isiqwenga sakho sokuqala sikuxelela yonke into. Isandi sesixhobo, umbala we-chip, indlela ulwelo lokusika oluhamba ngayo. Siqhuba icandelo lethu lomatshini we-CNC ngaphakathi kwindlu ngokuchanekileyo kule ngxelo. Awunako ukwahlula ukuphosa kumatshini ukuba ufuna ukuhambelana.
Umngeni wokuqala kukusekwa kwedatha. Uwathatha phi amaqanda akho kwindawo erhabaxa, ephosayo? Sihlala siphosa iipads ezincinci, eziphakanyisiweyo kwiindawo ezingabalulekanga ngokukodwa kwii-machining datums. Baye bacinywa ngoomatshini kwinqanaba lokugqibela. Ukuba awuyicwangcisi le nto kuyilo lwepateni, unyanzela i-machinist ukuba ifumane indawo, eyazisa ukuguquguquka. Ndibone iinxalenye zikhutshiwe ngenxa yokuba ukuphosa kutshintshile kancinci kubumba, kwaye ngaphandle kwepad ethembekileyo yedatha, imingxuma yomatshini ibiyimingxuma yobuchwephesha yokuprinta kodwa yanikezela inxalenye engasebenziyo.
Iziphene ezifihliweyo zizibonakalisa apha. I-porosity encinci ye-shrinkage, engabonakaliyo kwi-X-reyi ukuba incinci, iya kubangela ukuba isixhobo sincokole okanye siphuke xa sifika kuloo ndawo. Indawo enzima yokupholisa ngokukhawuleza iya kunxiba i-carbide efakwe kwimizuzwana. Oomatshini bethu ngabahloli bomgangatho wokugqibela. Babhala ezi ntlanganiso: Ukunxiba kwesixhobo ngokugqithisileyo kubuso B, ukukrokrela ukuguquguquka kobulukhuni bendawo. Loo log ibuyela kwi-Foundry metallurgist. Mhlawumbi kufuneka silungise iqondo lobushushu lokugalela okanye indawo yesinyusi saloo ndawo. Le ndlela edibeneyo kwi-QSY yinto ejika ukuphosa okulungileyo ibe yinto ethembekileyo, enokucutshungulwa. Ayingomlingo; lunxibelelwano, lufakwe kwintsebenzo yeminyaka engama-30.
Kwaye ukulungiswa. Ukwenza i-casting akufani nokwenza i-weldment. Awunakubambelela phantsi ngamandla angenankathalo. Iicastings zinoxinzelelo olushiyekileyo. Ukucinezela ngaphezulu kunokuligqwetha icandelo, ngoko ke uyalimatshini liyikwere kuphela ukuze liphume kunyamezelo xa sele likhutshiwe. Sisebenzisa i-annealing yokunciphisa uxinzelelo phambi komatshini weendawo ezibalulekileyo, kwaye siyila izixhobo ezibambe nkqi kodwa ezivumela intshukumo yendalo kancinane. Ngamanye amaxesha, uthatha ipasi elirhabaxa, ukhulule iiclamps, yiyeke iphumle, iphinde i-torque, emva koko uye kugqibo lokugqitha. Kuthatha ixesha elingakumbi, kodwa igcina inxalenye.
IMaze yeMaterial: Intsimbi ayisiyoNtsimbi nje
Ukucacisa intsimbi akunantsingiselo. Ngaba sithetha nge-1020 yekhabhoni ephantsi? 4340 intsimbi yentsimbi? 17-4 PH engenasici? Okanye iindawo ezingaqhelekanga ze-duplex ezingenasici okanye ezisekelwe kwi-cobalt njenge-Stellite 6? Ngamnye uziphatha njengesilwanyana esahlukileyo kwi-Foundry. I intsimbi yokugalela inxalenye kuba impompo eludaka enxibe ipleyiti kwi-cobalt-chromium ingxubevange phantse akukho nto efanayo, inkqubo-bulumko, kunye 1045 carbon steel gear blank.
Iintsimbi zekhabhoni ziyaxolela, kodwa ziqhelekile ekunciphiseni kwaye zifuna ukutya okuqinileyo. Iintsimbi eziphantsi kwe-alloy ezifana ne-4140 zinokuqina okungcono, okulungileyo kwiipropati zokugqibela kodwa kunokukhokelela ekuqhekekeni ngexesha lokupholisa ukuba uyilo lokubumba luqinile kakhulu. I-Austenitic stainless steels (304, 316) inezinga eliphezulu lokunciphisa-malunga nokuphindwe kabini kwentsimbi ye-carbon-kwaye ijwayele ukukrazula okutshisayo. Iinkqubo zabo zokungena kufuneka ziyilwe ukunciphisa imiqobo yobushushu. Ubushushu bokugalela buqina; kushushu kakhulu, kwaye ufumana ulwahlulo olubi kunye neenkozo ezinkulu; ipholile kakhulu, kwaye inkungu iyabaleka okanye iyavaleka kubanda.
Emva koko unamabakala okuqina kwemvula afana ne-17-4 PH. Iipropathi ezimangalisayo zokugqibela, kodwa inkqubo yokuphosa kufuneka icoceke ngobuchule ukunqanda ukubandakanywa okuba zizigxina zoxinzelelo. Kwaye unyango lobushushu emva kokuba machining non-negotiable; awuzifumani iinkcukacha ngaphandle kwayo. Sihlala sisenza unyango lwesisombululo (Imeko A) emva komatshini orhabaxa, emva koko umatshini wokugqibela, emva koko unyango lokuguga. Ngumdaniso wemijikelo ye-thermal kunye nokususwa kwezinto. Ukuyenza iphosakele kuthetha inxalenye elinganisa okulungileyo kodwa eya kusilela ngaphambi kwexesha entsimini. Amava ethu anealloyi ezikhethekileyo kule minyaka ingamashumi athetha ukuba sineeprothokholi-kaninzi ziphuhliswe ngokwesiko ukulungiselela isicelo somthengi othile-ukuhla ukuya kwisingqisho.
Ukungaphumeleli njengoTitshala: I-Scrap Yadi yeziKronike
Awufundi kokugalelwa ngokugqibeleleyo. Ufunda kwabo bahamba kakubi. Ekuqaleni kwexesha lam, sasinomyalelo wokwenza izibiyeli zentsimbi ezinkulu, ezishinyeneyo—imigaqo efanayo iyasebenza nakwintsimbi. Bahlala beqhekeza kwindawo yewebhu emva kokunyanga ubushushu. Iicastings ezintle, emva koko i-ping - i-crack. Siye sagxeka umjikelo wokuphatha ubushushu ekuqaleni. Emva kohlalutyo lwe-metallurgical, impazamo yayikukuziphosa ngokwayo: i-micro-shrinkage porosity esebenza njenge-crack initiator. Iziphakamisi zazinkulu ngokwaneleyo, kodwa zazibekwe ngokungalunganga. Babesondla phezulu kwecandelo, kodwa i-porosity yayisenza kwindawo eshushu eshushu kwindawo ekudityaniswa kuyo ukulinganisa okuphosiweyo. Kwafuneka songeze into epholileyo encinane, engaphandle—iqhekeza lobhedu elifakwe kudonga lokungunda—ukuze sinyanzelise eso sidibaniso ukuba siqine kuqala. Ingxaki isonjululwe. Ngoku, kuyo nayiphi na ijiyometri engqindilili, edibanayo, sicinga malunga nokubanda ngokukhawuleza njengoko sicinga malunga nokunyuka.
Enye i-classic: i-misruns kumacandelo amancinci. Umzobo ubiza udonga lwe-3mm kwindawo ethile. Ugalela, kwaye elo candelo aliphelelanga. Impendulo elula kukwandisa ubushushu obuthululwayo. Kodwa oko kunokubangela eminye imiba efana nokutshiswa kwesanti okanye iinkozo ezinkulu. Ngamanye amaxesha impendulo engcono kukwandisa iqondo lobushushu lokungunda ngokubeka icandelo kufutshane nesango okanye nokusebenzisa imikhono exothermic ejikeleze iindawo ezithile zenkqubo yokugawula ukugcina ulwelo lwesinyithi ixesha elide kuloo ndlela ethile. Imalunga nokwalathisa ubushushu, hayi nje ukongeza ngaphezulu kwihlabathi jikelele.
Ezi zifundo azikho kwiincwadi zezifundo ezininzi. Zibhalwe kwiindleko zentsimbi ezilahliweyo kunye nokulibaziseka kokuhanjiswa. Bakunyanzela ukuba ujonge yonke inkqubo—ipateni, ukungunda, isinyithi, isantya sokupholisa, ukushukuma, ukucocwa, ukwenziwa komatshini—njengenkqubo enye edibeneyo. Ukutshintsha kwinqanaba lokuqala ukuya kwinyathelo leshumi. Obu bubuchule bokwenyani bokwenza a intsimbi yokugalela inxalenye. Ayiloluhlu lwemisebenzi ecacileyo; yinguqu eqhubekayo ozama ukuyalusa ukuya kwisigqibo esiyimpumelelo. Kwaye ngezinye iintsuku, intsimbi ineembono zayo. Kufuneka umamele ngokusondeleyo kwixesha elizayo.
