Xa usiva 'iringi yevalvu', uninzi lucinga ngecandelo elilula lokutywina. Leyo yimbono yokuqala ephosakeleyo. Enyanisweni, a iringi yevalvu lujongano olubalulekileyo, icandelo lokunxiba eliyalela ubomi benkonzo kunye nokuthembeka kwenkqubo. Akunjalo nje ngokubamba uxinzelelo; imalunga nokulawula ukukhuhlana, imijikelo ye-thermal, kunye nokuhambelana kwezinto phantsi kwemithwalo eguqukayo. Ndibone iiprojekthi ezininzi kakhulu apho umsesane wawuyingcamango yamva, ekhokelela ekungaphumelelini kwangaphambi kwexesha. Inyaniso kukuba, ukusebenza kwayo kudla ngokuba ngumqobo kuyo yonke indibano yevalvu.
I-Conundrum yezinto eziphathekayo: Ayisokuze ibe yintsimbi nje
Ukuchaza imathiriyeli ye-a iringi yevalvu kulapho ithiyori idibana negrinder. Ngokoqobo. Umnxeba oqhelekileyo wentsimbi engenastainless yiresiphi yengxaki. Ingaba isebenza kwindawo yerhasi emuncu? Mhlawumbi ujonge i-super duplex okanye i-nickel-based alloy efana ne-Inconel 625. Umsesane awuhlali nje apho; ihlala ibandakanya kwaye ingazibandakanyi. Sinetyala kumxhasi kwicandelo lemichiza apho amakhonkco asemgangathweni angama-316L aye agqwala kwaye agalelwa ngenyongo kwiinyanga nje. Uhlalutyo lokungaphumeleli lubhekiselele kwi-chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking. Isisombululo ibingelotshintsho nje lwebanga; yayilutshintsho kuyo yonke indlela yokuvelisa.
Kulapho abasunguli abanobugcisa obunzulu bezinto eziphathekayo baba luncedo kakhulu. Ndisebenze nababoneleli abafana Qingdao Qiangsenyuan Technology Co., Ltd. (QSY) kwimingeni efanayo. Amashumi amathathu eminyaka abo ekukhupheni ialloyi ezikhethekileyo ayisiyonto nje yokuthengisa. Kwiprojekthi ye-valve yoxinzelelo oluphezulu, sasidinga amakhonkco kwi-cobalt-based alloy (Stellite 6) yokugqoka ngokugqithiseleyo kunye nokumelana nokushisa. Ucelomngeni yayingekokuyiphosa nje; ibifikelela kwi-homogeneous microstructure ukuthintela ukuqhekeka ngexesha lomatshini we-CNC olandelayo. Amava e-QSY kunye nokungunda kweqokobhe kunye nokuphosa utyalo-mali kwi-alloys ezinjalo kuthetha ukuba banokucebisa ngeqondo lobushushu langaphambi kobushushu kunye noyilo lwenkqubo yokuvala ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi kwasekuqaleni. Olo lwazi lusebenzayo, lwenqanaba lenkqubo yinto eyahlula umthengisi wamacandelo kwiqabane lemveliso.
Ukhetho phakathi kweendlela zokuphosa luchaphazela ngqo iipropati zokugqibela zeringi. Kwiijometri ezintsonkothileyo okanye ukugqitywa komphezulu ongaphezulu, utyalo-mali luyinkosi. Kodwa kwiiprofayili ezithile ezinomthamo ophezulu, ezilula, ukubunjwa kwegobolondo okwenziwe kakuhle kunokubonelela ngexabiso elingcono lokusebenza. Isitshixo kukuqonda urhwebo: utyalo-mali lunokukunika imilo ekufutshane nenethi efuna umatshini omncinci, kodwa kwezinye iintsapho ze-alloy, ulwakhiwo olucolekileyo lwenkozo olusuka kumngundo weqokobhe lunokukhethwa kubulukhuni bokugqibela. Akukho mpendulo jikelele.
Ukuchaneka yinkqubo, hayi inyathelo
Awukwazi ukuphosa okugqibeleleyo iringi yevalvu ilungele ukufakwa. Inxalenye ye as-cast yinto nje engenanto. Umlingo wokwenyani-kwaye apho uninzi lokusilela kumacala lwenzeka khona-kubuchwephesha. Ukunyamezela i-grooves ye-ring, ubuso be-flatness, kunye nokugqitywa kwendawo (ngokuqhelekileyo i-Ra 0.4 okanye ingcono) ikhohlakele. Ndikhumbula ibhetshi apho iiringi zadlula khona iitshekhi ezinobukhulu kodwa zabangela ukuvuza okuzingileyo. Ingxaki? Micrometer-level waviness kubuso lokutywina obungabanjwanga ngumlinganiselo Ra oqhelekileyo. Kwakufuneka iprofilometer kunye nomchwephesha oqondayo ukuba ukugqithiswa kokugqiba kokugqibela kufuna indlela ethile yesixhobo kunye nokuqina.
Oku kugxininisa imfuneko yokwenziwa kwemveliso edibeneyo. Ukuba ne-casting kunye ne-CNC machining phantsi kophahla olunye, njengoko i-QSY isenza, kuphelisa umaleko omkhulu womngcipheko. Oomatshini balapho basebenza ngokusakha abaveliswa yi-Foundry yabo. Bazazi izinto ezithile zokuziphatha, ukubakho kweendawo ezinzima, kunye nokutya okufanelekileyo kunye nezantya. Oku kuqhubela phambili kuthintela umdlalo wetyala oqhelekileyo phakathi komthengisi wokuphosa kunye nevenkile yomatshini xa inxalenye isilela. I-loop yempendulo ngokukhawuleza: ukuba isixhobo sinxibe ngokukhawuleza ngexesha lokujika kwe-nickel-based alloy ring, iqela le-Foundry lingaphonononga idatha yonyango lobushushu ukusuka kuloo bhetshi ngexesha langempela.
Uyilo lweFixture lelinye iqhawe elingadumanga. Ukubamba iringi yevalve ebhityileyo, eqinisiweyo ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka ngexesha lokwenziwa komatshini wokugqibela bubugcisa. Siye bafuduka ukusuka chucks eqhelekileyo-emihlathini ezintathu isiko, mandrels thermally uzinzile ukuba ibambelele ID ngoxinzelelo olulawulwayo. Nakuphi na ukuphambuka ngexesha lomatshini kuya kubuya emva kwexesha, kudala indlela yokuvuza. Bubucukubhede, iinkcukacha zomgangatho wevenkile ozifunda kuphela ngokuphindaphinda kwaye, ngokunyanisekileyo, ngokukrazula amaqhekeza ambalwa abizayo.
Iindlela zoFakelo kunye nokusilela ongazifundiyo
Ukufakela kulapho nokuba umsesane ogqibeleleyo unokonakala. Ukuziva ngokuhlala ngokufanelekileyo yinto engabanjwanga ziincwadi. Ayiko torque yodwa. Kwimisesane ehleli ngentsimbi, kukho inkqubo yokuqhuba. Sakhe sahlanganisa iseti yezangqa ezinkulu zevalve ezidibana nayo yonke i-spec kodwa zincwine kwaye zishushu kakhulu ngexesha lovavanyo lokuqala loxinzelelo. Ingxaki? Indibano yayicoceke kakhulu. Intlama erhabaxa encinci, elawulwayo (ngamanye amaxesha yikhompawundi ye-micron-grade) yayifuneka ngexesha lokugqithwa kokuqala ukuseka itywina elihambelanayo. Ngaphandle kokunxitywa kokuqala, iindawo eziphakamileyo kwimigangatho yokukhwelana zivele zadityaniswa ndawonye phantsi komthwalo.
Iimowudi zokusilela okuqhelekileyo zihlala zilandela umva kwimiba yesixokelelwano, hayi iringi ngokwayo. Eyakudala kukuhamba ngebhayisekile ngokushushu okubangela ukwandiswa kokwahluka. Umzimba wevalvu kunye nezinto zeringi zinee-coefficients ezahlukeneyo. Ukuba umsesane uyalingana kakhulu kwindawo engqongileyo kodwa yenzelwe ubushushu bokusebenza, inokubophelela kwaye yaphuka xa uqalisa. Ngokuchaseneyo, ukulingana okufanelekileyo kwiqondo lobushushu kunokukhululeka kakhulu kwindawo, okukhokelela ekubetheni kunye nokunxitywa okukhathazayo. Ndichithe iiveki kunye ne-thermocouples kunye ne-strain gauges zokwenza le mephu yokuziphatha kwi-rig yovavanyo ukuchaza ukucocwa okuchanekileyo. Ayilonani nje elisuka kwincwadi yesandla.
Ukhukuliseko ngomnye umbulali othuleyo, ngakumbi kulawulo okanye kwiivalvu eziminxayo. Amajelo eendaba, ahlala eneenxalenye, asika imathiriyeli yeringi. Ngamanye amaxesha, isisombululo sichasene ne-intuitive: imathiriyeli ethambileyo kancinane inokuba ngcono kuba ifunxa ifuthe lesuntswana endaweni yokuqhekeka. Siye savavanya oku ngentsimbi eqinile ngokuchasene nokwahluka kwe-ductile engakumbi kwi-slurry application; iringi ethambileyo inxibe ngokulungeleleneyo ngakumbi kwaye ihlala ixesha elide kathathu ngaphambi kokuba ukuvuza kudlule kwimida. Icel' umngeni ukungagqibeki nzima yingqondo engcono.
Ngaphesheya koMgangatho: Xa ufuna iHybrid
Ngamanye amaxesha, isinyithi se-monolithic iringi yevalvu ayisiyiyo impendulo. Kwiinkonzo eziqatha ezibandakanya zombini ubushushu obuphezulu kunye nemithombo yeendaba eyonakalisayo, siye saya kwindibaniselwano yobunjineli. Cinga ngomzimba wentsimbi yentsimbi (ukomelela kwesakhiwo kunye ne-thermal conductivity) kunye ne-plasma-transferred arc (PTA) welded hard-face layer on the face of sealing. Okanye, kweminye imisebenzi enzima yeekhemikhali, iringi ene-PTFE ecinezelweyo okanye i-Graphite efake itywina lokuqala. Uyilo kunye nobunzima bokuvelisa buxhuma ngokukhawuleza.
Ukwenza ezi zangqa zemixube zithembeke kumalunga nokulawula ujongano. I-coefficient yokwandiswa kwe-thermal phakathi kwesiseko setsimbi kunye ne-hard-face layer kufuneka ihambelane. Ukuba akunjalo, i-coating iyaphuma kwinkonzo. Ndikhe ndayibona iStellite eyogqunyiweyo entle ixobuka njengesikhumba esiorenji kuba isubstrate yayiyintsimbi enealloyi ephantsi enesantya esahlukileyo sokwandiswa. Indima yomthengisi iyatshintsha ukusuka kwimveliso esulungekileyo ukuya kubunjineli bokubambisana. Badinga amandla e-metallurgical ukukhetha izinto ezihambelanayo kunye nolawulo lwenkqubo (njengokushisa okuchanekileyo kwangaphambili kunye nobushushu be-interpass ngexesha le-welding) ukuyiqhuba. Inkampani efana ne-QSY, enemvelaphi yayo kuzo zombini ii-castings eziyinkimbinkimbi kunye ne-machining ye-alloys ekhethekileyo, ibekwe kulolu hlobo lomsebenzi kuba ilawula lonke ikhonkco ukusuka kwi-melt ukuya kwijometri yobuso obugqityiweyo.
Irejimeni yovavanyo lwala malungu nayo yahlukile. Ngaphaya kovavanyo oluqhelekileyo loxinzelelo, ujonge uvavanyo lomjikelo we-thermal kunye ne-metallographic cross-sections ukujonga ukudityaniswa kwe-diffusion kunye nokungabikho kweentanda ezincinci kwi-interface. Kukuzibophelela. Awuthengi nje inxalenye; ufanelekile inkqubo yokuvelisa.
Ukujonga ngasemva: Iringi njengeBarometer yeNkqubo
Emva kweminyaka yokujongana nala macandelo, ndize kubona iringi yevalvu njengesixhobo sokuxilonga. Ubume bayo ngexesha lokugcinwa ibalisa ibali malunga nobomi bevalve yonke: amanqaku abonisa ukungahambi kakuhle okanye ukungcoliswa; ukunxiba iyunifomu kubonisa inkonzo eqhelekileyo; iindawo zokubeka indawo kwi-cavitation okanye i-corrosion. Licandelo lokuqala ukubonisa iimpawu zengxaki enkulu yesixokelelwano.
Lo mbono utshintsha isicwangciso sokuthengwa kweempahla neenkonzo. Ayisekho malunga nokuthenga umsesane wokutshintsha ngexabiso eliphantsi. Imalunga nokufuna icandelo kwiqabane eliyiqondayo indima yalo kwinkqubo. Udinga umthengisi obuza imibuzo malunga nesicelo-uxinzelelo, ubushushu, imidiya, ukuphindaphinda komjikelo-kwaye unokucebisa ngezinto kunye nokukhetha koyilo. Injongo kukuhamba ukusuka kubudlelwane bentengiselwano ukuya kwintsebenziswano yobugcisa apho i-ring yenzelwe umsebenzi othile, kungekhona nje ukukhethwa kwikhathalogu.
Ekugqibeleni, iringi yevalvu ethobekileyo ihlanganisa wonke umngeni wokwenziwa kwemizi-mveliso: isayensi yezinto eziphathekayo, ubunjineli obuchanekileyo, i-tribology esebenzayo, kunye nokucinga kwenkqubo. Ukuyilungisa kuvakala kungathandeki, kodwa yenye yoloyiso luncinci olugcina yonke enye into isebenza. Kwaye xa uyifumana ingalunganga, ibiza kakhulu, isifundo esicacileyo sokuba kutheni iinkcukacha zibalulekile.
