Amacandelo oTshintsho loBubushushu: Uyilo lokuCasa, ukuKhetha i-alloy kunye neengcebiso zokuLawula ukuRhakala 

Amalungu okutshintsha ubushushu asebenza phantsi kobushushu bexesha elide, uxinzelelo oluguquguqukayo kunye neemeko eziqhubekayo zokunxibelelana okuphakathi, apho isiphene esinye soyilo, ukukhetha izinto ezingafanelekanga okanye isiphene sokuphosa kunokukhokelela ekuvalweni okungalindelekanga, ukuvuza okuphakathi kunye nexesha lokuphumla kwenkqubo. Ngokungafaniyo namacandelo eenqanawa zoxinzelelo jikelele, iindawo zokutshintshiselana kobushushu kufuneka zilungelelanise amandla olwakhiwo, ulungelelwaniso lwendlela yokuhamba kunye nokuchasana nokudumba kwexesha elide ngaxeshanye. Kwiinjineli zenkqubo, iinjineli zezixhobo kunye nokuthengwa kwabavavanyi bezobugcisa kwimichiza, i-petrochemical, amayeza kunye nemizi-mveliso yokutya, izigqibo zokuyila ngokungekho ngqiqweni zihlala zivelisa imingcipheko efihlakeleyo engenakuchongwa ngokupheleleyo nasemva kovavanyo loxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo. Esi sikhokelo sibandakanya imithetho yolwakhiwo oluqhelekileyo, ukhetho lwealloyi olungagugiyo ngokuphakathi, ukulungelelaniswa kwenkqubo yokungena, iimfuno zonyango lobushushu, ukuhlolwa kokuqina kunye neengcebiso ezisebenzayo zokulawula ukuhlwa, ukukunceda ukuba uphephe ukusilela okuqhelekileyo kwinxalenye yokwenziwa kokutshintsha ubushushu.

1. Kutheni le nto uYilo lubalulekile kuMalungu oTshintshiselwano loBubushushu boShishino

Amaqela amaninzi oyilo aqala aphatha amacandelo okutshintsha ubushushu njengamacandelo alula oomatshini kunye nokukopa umgangatho woxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo lwenxalenye yoyilo lwengqiqo ngokuthe ngqo, ehlala ikhokelela kwiingxaki ezinzulu ekusebenzeni kamva. Beka iindawo zokutshintsha ubushushu njengamashiti etyhubhu, imilomo yokungena/yokuphuma kunye namaqokobhe acazululiweyo ayizonkxaso nje zesakhiwo; zikwangumda woxinzelelo onxibelelana ngokuthe ngqo inkqubo yenkqubo. Uyilo lokuphosa olungafanelekanga lunokwazisa i-porosity efihliweyo ye-shrinkage, ubukhulu bodonga olungalinganiyo kunye noxinzelelo lwentsalela olungenakushenxiswa, olungenako ukupheliswa ngokupheleleyo nangomatshini ogcweleyo olandelayo.

Xa kuthelekiswa namacandelo acutshungulwe ngokupheleleyo agawulwe kwi-forgings eqinileyo, eyilwe ngokufanelekileyo amacandelo okutshintsha ubushushu anokwenza izakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo ezikufutshane ne-net-shape yokuhambisa ukuhamba ngenyathelo elinye lokugalela, ukunciphisa kakhulu umthamo womatshini, inkunkuma yezinto eziphathekayo kunye neendleko zokuvelisa ngokubanzi. Kodwa le nzuzo isebenza kuphela xa idizayini yokuphosa ngokwayo iqwalasela ngokupheleleyo iimfuno ezithile zezixhobo zokutshintsha ubushushu. Iimeko eziqhelekileyo zokungaphumeleli ezifana nokuqhekeka koxinzelelo lwendawo ekudibaneni kombhobho, ukuvaleka kwendlela yokuhamba okubangelwa yintsalela yesanti yokugalela, kunye nokuvuza kumjelo wokutywina weshiti letyhubhu, ubukhulu becala zimiliselwe kwizigqibo zoyilo olungekho ngqiqweni ezenziwe kwibakala lokuqala, kunokuba zibe ziimpazamo zomatshini kamva.

2. Ulwakhiwo lweCast oluqhelekileyo kunye neMithetho yoYilo lweMicimbi yokuTshintsha ubushushu

Amacandelo amaninzi asetyenziswa kakhulu ekutshintsheni ubushushu kwiiprojekthi zoshishino ziquka ii-tube sheet castings, iiflange zombhobho, izigqubuthelo zokugqibela zokutshintsha ubushushu, iigobolondo ezicandayo eziqhekezayo kunye neebhloko zoqhagamshelo lwenguqu. Nganye kwezi zakhiwo ziqhelekileyo zinemiba yazo yoyilo yokuphosa echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukuthembeka kwenxalenye yokugqibela.

Kumashiti etyhubhu, owona mgaqo ubalulekileyo kukugcina ukufana kobukhulu bodonga kuyo yonke indawo yepleyiti. Amacandelo ashinyeneyo ngesiquphe kwizikhundla zomphathi webholiti aya kwenza ngokulula iindawo ezishushu ezizimeleyo ngexesha lokuqina, okukhokelela ekucuthekeni kwe-porosity yangaphakathi engenakubonwa nangohlolo oluqhelekileyo lwe-UT kwezinye iimeko. Zonke iikona ezibukhali ekudibaneni phakathi kwephepha letyhubhu kunye ne-peripheral flange kufuneka ziyilwe nge-radius eyaneleyo yenguqu, ukuphepha iindawo zokuxininisa uxinzelelo eziba yimithombo yokuqalisa ukukhathala phantsi kwebhayisikili ephindaphindiweyo yokushisa.

Kumaqokobhe okuhamba okuhambahambayo kunye ne-cast cover coverings, indlela yokuhamba yangaphakathi kufuneka yenzelwe ukuphepha iikona ezinzulu ezifileyo ezingenako ukucocwa emva kokuphosa. Isanti yokulahla eyintsalela engenakususwa kunye namaqhekeza eqokobhe leceramic ashiywe ngaphakathi kwendlela yokuhamba aya kuthwalwa kwityhubhu yotshintshiselwano lobushushu ngexesha lokusebenza, okubangela ukuvaleka kokuhamba kunye nokukhawuleza kokhukuliseko lwasekhaya. Ubuncinci obucetyiswayo bodonga obuncinci bokutshintsha ubushushu abukho ngaphantsi kwe-6mm kumalungu ensimbi engenasici, kwaye akukho ngaphantsi kwe-8mm kumacandelo amakhulu oxinzelelo lwentsimbi yekhabhoni. Yonke imiphezulu yokutywina ebalulekileyo kufuneka igcine isibonelelo esaneleyo somatshini, ukuqinisekisa ukuba umphezulu wokugqibela ogqityiweyo awuvezi naziphi na iziphene zokuphosa.

3. UkuKhethwa kwe-alloy enganyangekiyo kwi-Corrosion ngeNkqubo ePhakathi

Ukukhethwa kwezinto eziphathekayo kwiindawo zokutshintshiselana kobushushu akukwazi ukuthembela kuphela kwiincwadi eziphathekayo eziqhelekileyo; kufuneka ihambelane neyona ndawo isebenzayo, ubushushu, iqondo lokuxinana kunye nenqanaba lokungacoceki kweprojekthi ethile. Ukukhetha ingxubevange engalunganga kunokubangela ukusilela kwangaphambi kwexesha kwinkonzo yexesha elifutshane kakhulu, okanye kukhokelele kutyalo-mali olugqithisileyo olungeyomfuneko.

3.1 IiNdawo zokuGcisa isinyithi esingenaStainless zamanzi ngokubanzi kunye nemithombo yeendaba engcolisayo

Intsimbi yokuphosa iinxalenye Lolona didi lwemathiriyeli lusetyenziswa kakhulu kumacandelo okutshintsha ubushushu kumanzi acocekileyo, umphunga, isinyibilikisi se-organic kunye neemeko zamanzi amdaka amdaka. I-304 i-stainless steel castings ifanelekile kwiqondo lokushisa eliqhelekileyo lamanzi acocekileyo kunye neenkqubo zokutshintshiselana kobushushu obuqhelekileyo, kodwa azikhuthazwa kwiimeko zenkonzo apho i-chloride ion concentration idlula i-50ppm yokusebenza kwexesha elide.

I-316L kunye ne-316LVM i-carbon low-stainless steel castings iphucula ngakumbi ukuxhathisa i-pitting kunye ne-intergranular corrosion resistance, okubenza babe lolona khetho luqhelekileyo kwi-industry yesiqhelo yokutshintshiselana kobushushu obuthinta imidiya yenkqubo eyonakalisayo. Ngaphantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo zokubola, i-316L yentsimbi engenasici inokugcina ukusebenza okuzinzileyo kwexesha elide kumaqondo okushisa aqhubekayo ukuya kuma-300 ° C. Nakwi-316L, ukuvezwa kwexesha elide kugxininiso lwe-chloride ephezulu ngaphezulu kwe-200ppm kwiqondo lobushushu eliphakamileyo kusazokwandisa kakhulu umngcipheko wokugrumba i-corrosion kunye noxinzelelo lwe-corrosion cracking. Lo mda ocacileyo wesicelo kufuneka ucaciswe ngokucacileyo kwinqanaba lokuyila, endaweni yokwandisa insimbi engenasici kuzo zonke iimeko ezinobungozi.

3.2 Izinketho ezisekelwe kwi-nickel kunye ne-high-alloy kwiimeko ezinzima zokubola

Xa inkqubo yenkqubo iqulethe i-asidi eyomeleleyo, i-chloride yoxinaniso oluphezulu, isisombululo setyuwa enobushushu obuphezulu okanye ezinye izinto eziyingozi ezinokuthi zingakwazi ukumelana nentsimbi eqhelekileyo, ialloys esekwe nickel, iintsimbi eziphindwe kabini kunye nezinye iindawo ezinganyangekiyo kwi-alloy ephezulu ziba sisisombululo esiyimfuneko. Ezi zixhobo zigcina ukuxhathisa kwe-corrosion ezinzile kwiindawo ezinzima apho i-austenitic stainless steel eqhelekileyo iya kusilela ngokukhawuleza.

Iimeko zesicelo eziqhelekileyo ziquka abatshintshi bobushushu kwiinkqubo ezigxininisiweyo ze-sulfuric acid dilution, iisistim zokubuyiswa kwe-brine yobushushu obuphezulu kunye nenkqubo yekhemikhali yokutshintsha ubushushu iiyunithi eziphatha imidiya eyonakalisayo yezinto eziphilayo. Nangona imathiriyeli yokuqala kunye neendleko zokugalela zamacandelo okutshintshiselana kobushushu aphezulu kakhulu kunentsimbi eqhelekileyo, ubomi babo benkonzo obude buhlala bunciphisa iindleko zomjikelo wobomi bubonke ngokuphawulekayo, xa kuthelekiswa nokutshintshwa rhoqo kwamacandelo entsimbi engenakutyiwa.

4. Uyilo lweSistim yeGating, ukuNyangwa koBushushu kunye noHlolo lokuQinisekisa

Nokuba kukhethwe imathiriyeli echanekileyo kunye noyilo olufanelekileyo lwesakhiwo, inkqubo yokuphosa engalunganga isenokuthi ijike umzobo ofanelekileyo ube yindawo enesiphene yokutshintshiselana kobushushu. Uyilo lwesixokelelwano sokusa ekujuleni kobushushu kufuneka siqinisekise ukuba indawo enoxinzelelo olubalulekileyo iyaqina ngokulandelelana ukusuka kwindawo ekude ukuya kwindawo yokunyuka, ukuthintela ukudala amachibi angamanzi angabodwa enza i-porosity efihliweyo yokuncipha ngaphakathi kwendawo. Kwimixholo yetyhubhu etyhidiweyo, ubungakanani obufanelekileyo bokuphakama kunye nemilinganiselo yokugodola idla ngokuba yimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuvakala kwesandi sangaphakathi.

Unyango lobushushu lelinye inyathelo elingaxoxisiyo leendawo zokutshintsha ubushushu. Ukufakwa kwensimbi engenasici kufuneka kudlule kunyango olupheleleyo emva kokugalelwa, ukuphelisa imvula ye-chromium carbide kwimida yeenkozo kunye nokubuyisela ukuxhathisa ngokupheleleyo kwe-intergranular corrosion. Kumaqokobhe amakhulu okutshintsha ubushushu obuntsonkothileyo, unyango olunikezelweyo lokuphelisa ubushushu emva komatshini orhabaxa luyacetyiswa ngamandla, ukususa uxinzelelo olukhulu olushiyekileyo oluqokelelwe ngexesha lokuphosa kunye nokupholisa. Ngaphandle kokukhululeka koxinzelelo olufanelekileyo, inxalenye inokonakala kakhulu emva ukugqiba oomatshini, okanye uphuhlise ukuqhekeka okungalindelekanga emva kokufakwa enkonzweni.

Ukuhlolwa kokuqina sisithintelo sokugqibela esibalulekileyo ngaphambi kokuba indawo yokutshintsha ubushushu iphume kumzi-mveliso. Ukuphoswa kokutshintsha ubushushu kwimizi-mveliso ngokubanzi kuye kufuneke ukuba kwenziwe uvavanyo lwehydraulic ngamaxesha ayi-1.5 yoxinzelelo loyilo, kwaye emva koko uqhube uvavanyo lokuqina lomoya phantsi koxinzelelo loyilo kunye nendlela yokufumanisa ukuvuza okufanelekileyo. Kumacandelo okutshintsha ubushushu asetyenziswa kwindawo enetyhefu, enokutsha okanye evuzayo kakhulu, uvavanyo olongezelelweyo lokuvuza kwe-helium luhlala lufuneka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba akukho ndlela yokuvuza encinci engenakubonwa ngovavanyo oluqhelekileyo lwe-hydraulic.

5. I-Stainless Steel vs i-Nickel Alloy Heat Exchanger Parts: Uthelekiso olusebenzayo

Amaqela amaninzi obunjineli ajongene nesigqibo esiqhelekileyo: nokuba ngaba ukhetha iinxalenye zokuphosa insimbi engenasici okanye uphuculo kwiindawo zokutshintsha ubushushu be-nickel alloy kwiprojekthi ethile. Esi sigqibo akufanele senziwe kuphela ngokujonga kwixabiso lokuqala lokuthenga, kodwa kwakhona kuqwalaselwe imilinganiselo emine engundoqo: ixabiso lezinto eziphathekayo, ubunzima bokuvelisa, ubomi bomhlwa okulindelekileyo kunye nomjikelo wokulondolozwa okupheleleyo.

Kwiiprojekthi ezinohlahlo lwabiwo-mali olulinganiselwe kunye neemeko eziphakathi, iinxalenye ezifanelekileyo zokuphosa isinyithi esingenasici kunye ne-post-processing eyiyo zinokufikelela ekusebenzeni okuthembekileyo. Kodwa kwiimeko ezimandundu zomhlwa apho intsimbi engenasici ingenako ukukhawulelana nobomi boyilo obufunekayo, ukukhetha ngobumfama intsimbi engatyiwayo ukonga ixabiso lokuqala kuya kukhokelela kwixabiso eliphezulu kakhulu elibangelwa kukuvalwa okungacwangciswanga, ingozi evuzayo kunye nokutshintshwa rhoqo kwenxalenye. Kwezi meko, ukuphucula ukuya I-nickel alloy-resistant-resistant parts lolona khetho lufanelekileyo ngokoqoqosho nangokwezoqoqosho.

6. Iingcebiso eziQhelekileyo zoLawulo lokuRhakala kwiSigaba soMveliso

Iingxaki ezininzi ezinokuthi zigwenywe ze-corrosion ye-heat exchanger parts azibangelwa kukukhethwa kwebakala lezinto ezingalunganga, kodwa ngokuphathwa okungafanelekanga kwinqanaba lokuvelisa. Ingcebiso yokuqala esebenzayo kukususa ngokupheleleyo yonke intlabathi yokuphosa eshiyekileyo, imathiriyeli yeqokobhe leceramic kunye nesikali se-oxide ukusuka kwimigangatho yangaphakathi nangaphandle emva kokudilizwa. Nayiphi na intsalela ye-silicate eseleyo kumphezulu wesinyithi iya kuphula ifilimu ye-passive kwindawo kwaye ibe yindawo yokuqala yokukhawuleza kwi-corrosion ye-pitting ekusebenzeni.

Inqaku lesibini elibalulekileyo kukususa yonke imiphetho ebukhali, amanqaku esixhobo kunye noxinzelelo loxinzelelo olushiye emva komatshini. Nokuba umkrwelo omncinci obukhali kumphezulu wokutywina okanye udonga lwendlela yokuhamba unokuba yindawo yokuqalisa ukuthotywa koxinzelelo phantsi kweentshukumo ezidityanisiweyo zoxinzelelo oluqinileyo kunye nendawo edlayo. Icebiso lesithathu kukwenza unyango olululo lwe-passivation kwiindawo zokutshintshiselana kobushushu zentsimbi engenasici emva komatshini wokugqibela. I-passivation engafanelekanga kunye noxinaniso olungalunganga, ixesha loqhagamshelwano olungonelanga okanye ukuhlanjululwa okungaphelelanga emva konyango akuyi kuphucula ukuxhathisa ukubola, kwaye kunokushiya intsalela yeekhemikhali ezidliwayo phezu komhlaba ezikhawulezisa ukungaphumeleli kokuhlwa.

7. Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo

• Q1: Bobuphi ubungqingqwa bodonga obuncinane obunokufikelelwa ngokuzinzileyo kulwakhiwo lwendlela yokuhamba komtshintshiselwano wobushushu?
  A: Kwiindawo zokujula zentsimbi, ubuncinci obuzinzileyo bodonga lokutshintsha kobushushu obuntsonkothileyo bujikeleze i-6mm. Kwizinto ezincinci zokutshintshiselana kobushushu obuqhelekileyo, ubukhulu bodonga ukuya kwi-4mm bunokufezekiswa emva kokulungiswa kwenkqubo ekujoliswe kuyo, kodwa oku kufuneka kuqinisekiswe kwinqanaba loyilo lokuqala ukuphepha iimfuno ezingenakwenzeka.
• Q2: Ngaba zonke iindawo zokutshintsha ubushushu zifuna i-100% yokuhlolwa kweradiographic epheleleyo?
  A: Ayizizo zonke. Umda kunye nobungakanani bovavanyo olungonakalisi kufuneka lubekwe ngokwenqanaba loxinzelelo, ubungozi obuphakathi kunye neenkcukacha zeprojekthi ezifanelekileyo. Kumgangatho ongeyotyhefu jikelele, ongatshiyo kuxinzelelo oluphantsi ukuya oluphakathi, ukuhlolwa kwesampulu esekelwe kumacandelo abalulekileyo ngokuqhelekileyo kwamkelekile. Kodwa kumacandelo okutshintshiselana kobushushu aphethe i-medium enobungozi kakhulu, uhlolo olupheleleyo lwevolumetric yazo zonke ii-welds ezinoxinzelelo kunye nokuphosa iindawo ezibalulekileyo ziyimfuneko.
• Q3: Ngaba iintambo zokutshintsha ubushushu zinokulungiswa ngokuwelda emva kokufumanisa iziphene ezincinci zeporosity kumphezulu?
  A: Ewe, kodwa inkqubo yokulungisa i-welding kufuneka ivunywe ngokuhambelana nokucaciswa kwezixhobo zoxinzelelo, kwaye unyango olupheleleyo lwe-post-weld kunye nokuhlolwa kokuqina okuphindaphindiweyo kufuneka kugqitywe emva kokulungiswa. Ukulungiswa kwe-welding okungalawulwayo ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo kuya kuzisa uxinzelelo olutsha olushiyekileyo kunye neziphene ezifihliweyo eziyingozi ngakumbi kune-porosity encinci yasekuqaleni.

8. Isishwankathelo sokugqibela

Ukuthembeka kwamalungu okutshintshiselana kobushushu akumiselwanga linyathelo elinye, kodwa isiphumo esidityanisiweyo soyilo lwesakhiwo esiluqilima, ukhetho lwealloyi oludityanisiweyo oluphakathi, olulungelelanisiweyo loyilo lwenkqubo yokugawula, unyango olufanelekileyo lobushushu kunye nokuhlolwa kokuqina okungqongqo. Iindawo zokugalela intsimbi estainless lolona khetho lusebenzayo nolungabizi kakhulu kwezona meko zincinci ukuya kwephakathi, ngelixa i-nickel-based high-alloy exchanger exchanger components ibonelela ngokhuseleko oluyimfuneko lwexesha elide kwiimeko zokusebenza ezirhabaxa kakhulu ezingenakukwazi ukumelana nentsimbi eqhelekileyo.

Ngokuthathela ingqalelo ukufana kobunzima bodonga, ukunqanda intlabathi yokuphosa intsalela engenakushenxiswa, ukuphelisa amanqaku oxinzelelo olubukhali kunye nokwenza unyango olufanelekileyo lwasemva kokuphoswa kwinqanaba lokuvelisa, unokunqanda ngokufanelekileyo ukusilela okuqhelekileyo komhlwa kwangaphambi kwexesha. Kuba iiprojekthi zokulahla umtshintshi wobushushu, ukwenza izigqibo ezisekelwe ekuthembekeni komjikelezo wobomi obupheleleyo kunokuba kuphela ixabiso lokuqala lokuthenga yeyona ndlela isebenzayo yokunciphisa ixesha elingalindelekanga kunye neendleko zokugcinwa kweendleko ekusebenzeni kwexesha elide loshishino.