Abstract: Umhlahlandlela osebenzayo wesinyathelo nesinyathelo sokukhetha ishubhu elilungile lokuvikela i-thermocouple ukuze uthole ukulinganisa kwemboni okuhlala isikhathi eside, okunembile kwezinga eliphezulu lokushisa.
Ukukhetha ithubhu elilungile lokuvikela i-thermocouple kuvimbela ukwehluleka ngaphambi kwesikhathi, kuqinisekisa ukufundwa kwezinga lokushisa okunembile, futhi kwandise impilo yesevisi ezindaweni zezimboni ezinezinga lokushisa eliphezulu.
Okokusebenza kwensimbi, ukukhiqizwa kukasimende, amandla ashisayo, nezindawo ze-petrochemical, ishubhu lokuvikela elikhethwe kabi lingenye yezimbangela ezivame kakhulu ezifihlekile zesikhathi sokuphumula esingahlelelwe kanye nedatha yenqubo engathembekile.
Lo mhlahlandlela uhamba ngohlaka olusebenzayo, lwesinyathelo nesinyathelo olulinganisa ukumelana nezinga lokushisa, ukusebenza kokugqwala, ukuqina kwemishini, kanye nokusabela kokulinganisa ukuze kufane nezimo zokusebenza zomhlaba wangempela.
Kungani Ishubhu Elilungile Lokuvikela I-Thermocouple Ibalulekile Ekukalweni Kwezinga Lokushisa Eliphezulu
I-thermocouple ngokwayo inesibopho sokukhiqiza isignali yezinga lokushisa kuphela.
Ishubhu lokuvikela lisebenza njengesithiyo esiyinhloko esihlukanisa indawo ebucayi ye-thermocouple nomoya wesithando somlilo, amagesi ashisayo, izinto ezincibilikisiwe, uthuli olunamanzi, kanye nomthelela wemishini.
Ngisho ne-thermocouple yekilasi lokunemba okuphezulu kakhulu izokhiqiza ukufundwa okungazinzile noma yehluleke ngokuphelele uma ishubhu lokuvikela liqhekeka, ligqwalile, noma lithambe ekushiseni kokusebenza.
Emisebenzini eqhubekayo yezimboni, ukwehluleka kweshubhu lokuvikela okungalindelekile kuvame ukuphoqa amaqembu ukuthi avale ukufinyelela kwe-thermowell, ukukhipha uketshezi lwenqubo, noma ngisho nokumisa ukukhiqiza ukuze kungene esikhundleni sokuhlanganisa.
Izikhungo eziningi zimosha amahora okulungisa kanye nezinkulungwane zamadola ekukhipheni okulahlekile hhayi ngoba zikhethe ishubhu elibiza kancane, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi zisekelwe esinqumweni kuphela esilinganisweni esiphezulu sokushisa esikhangisiwe ngaphandle kokubala ezinye izimo zokusebenza.
Isinyathelo 1: Qondanisa Okubalulekile Nezinga Lokushisa Lokusebenza Eliqhubekayo
Isilinganiso sezinga lokushisa siyisici sokuqala nesibaluleke kakhulu ekukhethweni, kodwa futhi singenye evame ukuhunyushwa ngokungeyikho.
Abakhiqizi bavamise ukuklelisa izinga lokushisa eliphakeme lesikhathi esifushane lapho okokusebenza kungaphila amahora ambalwa, hhayi izinga lokushisa eliqhubekayo lokusebenza lapho kungagcina ubuqotho besakhiwo izinkulungwane zamahora wesevisi.
Imikhawulo Yezinga lokushisa Evamile Nezingqinamba Ezisebenzayo
Izigaba ezihlukene zezingxenye ezimelana nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu zinikeza amabhendi okushisa ahlukile, futhi akukho lutho olulodwa olusebenza kahle kulo lonke ibanga elingase libe khona:
- 316 insimbi engagqwali: Ifanele ukusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo kuze kufike ku-600°C. Inikeza ukumelana nokugqwala okuhle okuvamile kodwa izokhipha i-oxidize ngokushesha futhi ilahlekelwe amandla ngaphezu kwalo mngcele.
- I-Incoloy 800: Ithembekile ekusebenzeni kwesikhathi eside emazingeni okushisa afika ku-1100°C ku-oxidizing kanye ne-neutral atmosphere. Isebenza kahle endaweni yomusi kanye ne-carburizing, okwenza kube ukukhetha okuvamile kokulinganisa igesi ye-boiler flue.
- Iphutha 600: Idizayinelwe isevisi eqhubekayo efika cishe ku-1150°C, enokumelana okuhle kakhulu kukho kokubili i-oxidation nokunciphisa. Isetshenziswa kabanzi ekusetshenzisweni kwesithando sokushisa ukushisa lapho ukuhamba kwebhayisikili okusheshayo kwenzeka khona.
- I-alumina ceramic ye-high-purity: Iyakwazi ukusebenza ngokuqhubekayo ngaphezu kuka-1600°C, futhi ihlala izinzile ngisho nasezimweni eziningi ezincibilikisiwe zokuxhumana zensimbi. I-brittle kakhulu kunama-alloys ensimbi, noma kunjalo, futhi ingaphuka ngaphansi kokushaqeka okushisayo noma umthelela wemishini.
Uma ufanisa okokusebenza nezinga lokushisa, sebenzisa njalo isilinganiso sesevisi esiqhubekayo njengesisekelo sakho kunesilinganiso esiphezulu selabhorethri.
Uma inqubo yakho ijwayele ukuzungeza phakathi kwezinga lokushisa legumbi kanye nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu lokusebenza, kufanele futhi wehlise umkhawulo osebenzayo wokushisa ukuze ubhekane nokwanda nokufinyela okuphindaphindiwe kokushisa.
Isinyathelo sesi-2: Hlola Ukugqwala Nezingozi Zokuchayeka Amakhemikhali
Ngisho noma into ethile ingakwazi ukumelana nezinga lokushisa elivamile lenqubo, ukuchayeka kukhemikhali okungalindelekile kungacekela phansi ishubhu lokuvikela le-thermocouple engxenyeni yempilo yalo yesevisi elindelekile.
Ezinqubweni eziningi zokushisa okuphezulu, umkhathi ozungezile uqukethe izingxenye ezibolayo ezingabonakali ngokushesha emidwebeni eyisisekelo yokugeleza kwenqubo.
Ukukhethwa Kwengxubevange Yezimo Ze-Chloride, I-Sulfidi Ne-Molten Salt
Izingxenye ezihlukene ezimelana nokugqwala ziziphatha ngendlela ehluke kakhulu uma zivezwa kwabezindaba ezithile ezinolaka, futhi ayikho ingxubevange yendawo yonke esebenza kuzo zonke izimo zezinga lokushisa eliphezulu eligqwalile:
- Ezindaweni ezinokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwesibabule, okujwayelekile ezithandweni zikawoyela osindayo, izinsimbi ezingenasici ezijwayelekile ezingama-300 zizohlaselwa ukushiswa kwe-sulfid ngokushesha. I-Incoloy 825 inikeza ukumelana okungcono kakhulu kuzo zombili izinhlanganisela zesibabule kanye nokunciphisa izimo ze-asidi emazingeni okushisa afika ku-850°C, nakuba lo mkhawulo kufanele wehliswe ngaphansi kuka-700°C ngaphansi kwezimo ezinciphisa kakhulu.
- Ezinqubweni eziqukethe ukugxila okuphezulu kwe-chloride, njengokushiswa kwemfucuza noma amasistimu athile kasawoti ancibilikisiwe, izinsimbi ezijwayelekile ezingenasici zizoba nokuqhekeka kokugqwala kwengcindezi. I-Inconel 625 ihlinzeka ngokumelana okuqinile nokuhlaselwa kwe-ion ye-chloride eduze kwamandla amahle kakhulu emishini yezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, nebanga elijwayelekile lokushisa eliqhubekayo lesevisi elingu-980°C kuya ku-1100°C, elishintshayo kuye ngokubunjwa kwengxubevange okuyiyonayona kanye nomkhathi ozungezile.
- Ezindaweni eziqinile ze-carburizing noma ze-nitriding, ngisho nama-alloys ane-nickel ephezulu angehlisa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kulezi zimo, ishubhu eliminyene le-alumina noma i-silicon carbide ivamise ukuletha impilo yesevisi ende kakhulu kunanoma iyiphi ingxubevange yensimbi.
Iphutha elivame kakhulu lapha ukukhetha ingxubevange yezinga eliphezulu lokushisa ngaphandle kokubuyekeza inqubo egcwele yokwakheka kwegesi.
Ngisho nephesenti elincane lezingxenye zokulandelela ezonakalisayo ezibonakala zinganakwa ephepheni zingaholela ekuncipheni okungalindelekile kweshubhu kanye nokwehluleka ngemva kwamahora ambalwa okusebenza.
Isinyathelo sesi-3: I-akhawunti ye-Mechanical Stress, Abrasion kanye ne-Flow Velocity
Izinga lokushisa nokugqwala kukodwa akuqinisekisi impilo ende yesevisi.
Ukufakwa okuningi kwezimboni kuveza ishubhu lokuvikela i-thermocouple emandleni aqhubekayo angaguga noma aphule ukuhlangana kudala ngaphambi kokuba ukugqwala kube into ekhawulelayo.
Igesi ye-flue enesivinini esiphezulu ethwala umlotha wempukane, uthuli lwe-clinker lukasimende, noma izinhlayiya zamaminerali zizogwaya kancane kancane indawo engaphandle yamashubhu okuvikela ensimbi, ngisho noma impahla ngokwayo ihambisana namakhemikhali nenqubo.
Kulezi zimo, ingxubevange eqinile enezindonga noma umkhono we-ceramic wangaphandle ongagugi unganweba kakhulu impilo yesevisi.
Amashubhu okuvikela afakwe avundlile noma anweba ibanga elide emgudwini wenqubo nawo angaphansi kokudlidliza kanye nengcindezi yokugoba.
Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, ishubhu yengxubevange enezindonga ezincane enezindonga ezincane ingase igobe noma iphuke, ngisho nasezingeni lokushisa elingaphansi kakhulu komkhawulo walo olinganiselwe.
Kulezi zinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ngokumshini, ukukhetha okulinganiselwe kancane kwezinga lokushisa kodwa okunamandla esakhiwo okuphakeme kuvame ukuphumela ekufakweni okuphelele okuthembeke kakhudlwana.
Isinyathelo sesi-4: Linganisa Isikhathi Sokuphendula Okushisayo namandla Esakhiwo
Ishubhu eliwugqinsi, eliqinile lokuvikela lizonciphisa isivinini lapho i-thermocouple yangaphakathi ingathola khona izinguquko kuzinga lokushisa lenqubo.
Lokhu kudala ukuhwebelana okuyisisekelo onjiniyela abaningi abangakunaki ngesikhathi sokukhethwa.
Uma isistimu yakho yokulawula incike empendulweni yezinga lokushisa esheshayo, eguqukayo ukuze ilungise ukuvutha, izinga lokuphakelayo, noma izikhiye zokuphepha, ishubhu elisindayo elinezindonga eziwugqinsi lingethula ukunensa kokulinganisa ukuze kwehliswe ukusebenza kokulawula inqubo.
Umthetho ojwayelekile wesithupha ukuthi ukuphinda kabili ukushuba kodonga lweshubhu lokuvikela lensimbi cishe kuphinda kabili isikhathi esishisayo sokuhlanganisa.
Kuzinhlelo zokusebenza lapho impendulo esheshayo ibalulekile, ungakhetha ishubhu yengxubevange yodonga olunosayizi omncane omncane onamandla anele okusebenza, noma usebenzise inhlanganisela ye-mineral-insulated compact thermocouple enobubanzi obuncane obungaphandle.
Umgomo awukona ukukhulisa amandla ngezindleko zokusebenza kokulinganisa, noma ukunciphisa ukujiya kodonga kangangokuthi ishubhu liyaphuka ngemva kwamasonto ambalwa okusebenza.
Ezimweni ezintathu zokufaka ezivame kakhulu, ungasebenzisa le mihlahlandlela yereferensi esheshayo:
- Ukufakwa okude okuvundlile emiseleni emikhulu yenqubo, khetha ubuncane bodonga obungu-2.5mm ukuze umelane nokugoba ngaphansi kokudlidliza.
- Ukuze uthole igesi egcwele uthuli enesivinini esiphezulu, khetha ugqinsi oluwu-3mm noma olukhulu ukuze unwebe impilo yokuhuzuka
- Ngokuhamba ngebhayisikili okushisayo okubandayo kuya kushisa, gwema ubuningi bemiklamo yodonga oluncane olungasheshisa ukuqhekeka kokukhathala
Amaphutha Okukhetha Avamile Okufanele Agwenywe Kuzicelo Zezimboni
Ngisho namaqembu anolwazi avame ukuphinda amaphutha afanayo agwemekayo lapho ecacisa amashubhu okuvikela i-thermocouple:
- Ukukhetha into esekelwe kuphela ekushiseni okuphezulu kwenqubo, ukuziba umjikelezo womsebenzi oqhubekayo → Hlola ngokushesha: qinisekisa izinga lokushisa elimaphakathi lezinsuku ezingama-30
- Uma ucabanga ukuthi ingxubevange yokushisa okuphezulu izomelana ngokuzenzakalelayo nazo zonke izinhlobo zokugqwala kwamakhemikhali → Hlola ngokushesha: buyekeza inqubo egcwele yokwakheka kwegesi
- Ukweqa ingozi yokushaqeka okushisayo lapho ushintsha phakathi kokuqalisa okubandayo nezinga lokushisa eligcwele lokusebenza → Hlola ngokushesha: bala imijikelezo yokushisa evamile ngesonto
- Ukukhetha i-diameter yangaphandle encane kakhulu ukuze uthuthukise isikhathi sokuphendula, ngaphandle kokubala ukuhuzuka nokudlidliza epayipini → Hlola ngokushesha: qinisekisa isivinini sokugeleza nokulayisha uthuli
Ukuthatha imizuzu engu-15 eyengeziwe ukunqamula zonke izimo zokusebenza ngokumelene nezakhiwo zempahla ngaphambi kokuphothula imininingwane ethile kungavimbela amasonto okugcinwa okungahleliwe nokulahleka kokukhiqizwa kamuva.
Ithebula Lokuqhathanisa Lokubalulekile Elinconyiwe
| Ibanga lezinto ezibonakalayo | Ubukhulu Bezinga Lokushisa Eliqhubekayo | Amandla Okugqwala Okuyisisekelo | Uhlelo lokusebenza olujwayelekile lwezimboni | Umkhawulo Obalulekile |
| 316 Insimbi Engagqwali | 600°C | Ukugqwala okujwayelekile komkhathi | I-low-temperature flue gas, ohhavini bezimboni abajwayelekile | Ukusebenza okubi ngaphezu kuka-600°C |
| I-Incoloy 800 | 1100°C | I-Steam, i-carburization emnene | Izitolo zama-boiler, izithando zokushisa ukushisa | Ukumelana okulinganiselwe kuma-chloride aqinile |
| Iphutha 600 | 1150°C | I-oxidation, ukuhamba ngebhayisikili okushisayo | Ukwelashwa kokushisa kwenqwaba, amahhavini anezinga lokushisa eliphezulu | Isengozini ye-sulfidation enamandla |
| Isilinganiso 625 | 980°C–1100°C | I-Chloride, inciphisa ama-acids | Ukushiswa kwemfucuza, izinqubo zikasawoti oncibilikisiwe | Izindleko zezinto ezibonakalayo eziphezulu |
| Ikholomu 825 | 850°C (700°C ubuningi ngaphansi kokwehliswa okuqinile) | I-sulfide, i-asidi ehlanjululwe | Igesi elishisayo le-furnace flue | Ayisetshenziswa isikhathi eside ngaphezu kuka-900°C |
| I-Alumina esezingeni eliphakeme | 1600°C | Insimbi encibilikisiwe, ukugqwala okuqinile | Insimbi encibilikisiwe, iziko lokushisa eliphezulu | I-Brittle, izwela ukushaqeka okushisayo |
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Ngingakwazi ukusebenzisa okokusebenza kweshubhu lokuvikela kukho kokubili izinga lokushisa eliphezulu nokugqwala okukhulu?
Akukho lutho olulodwa olusebenza kahle kuyo yonke inhlanganisela yamazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nokugqwala okukhulu.
Ezimweni ezixubile ezidinga kakhulu, izikhungo eziningi zisebenzisa idizayini enezingqimba ehlanganisa umugqa wangaphakathi wengxubevange yokushisa okuphezulu nongqimba lwangaphandle olumelana nokugqwala noma olumelana nemihuzuko, kunokuzama ukuphoqelela into eyodwa ukumboza zonke izidingo.
Ukushuba kodonga kuyithinta kanjani impilo yesevisi kanye nokuphendula kwezinga lokushisa kweshubhu lokuvikela le-thermocouple?
Ukwenyuka kokuqina kodonga kuthuthukisa amandla okusebenza futhi kunwebe impilo yesevisi ezindaweni eziqhumayo, kodwa futhi kwandisa isisindo esishisayo seshubhu.
Lokhu kunciphisa ukusabela kwezinga lokushisa, okusho ukuthi i-thermocouple izothatha isikhathi eside ukuze ibonise izinguquko ezisheshayo kuzinga lokushisa lenqubo.
Ezinhlelweni eziningi ezijwayelekile zezimboni, ukujiya kodonga phakathi kuka-1.5mm no-3mm kunikeza ibhalansi enengqondo phakathi kokuqina nokusebenza kokulinganisa.
Ingakanani impilo yesevisi ejwayelekile yeshubhu yokuvikela i-thermocouple yezimboni ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile zokusebenza?
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezizinzile, ezingaliboli, nezingagqwali, ishubhu yokuvikela ingxubevange ekhethwe kahle ingaletha iminyaka engu-1 kuya kwemi-3 yesevisi eqhubekayo.
Ezinqubweni zezinga lokushisa eliphezulu ezilimaza kakhulu noma ezicekela phansi kakhulu, impilo yesevisi elindelekile ingase yehle ibe yizinyanga ezi-3 kuye kweziyi-6.
Indlela enokwethenjelwa kakhulu yokulinganisa impilo yesevisi yangempela iwukubhekisela kudatha yokusebenza yomlando evela ekufakweni okufanayo embonini yakho ethile, kunokuthembela kuphela kumininingwane yedatha yomkhiqizi ojwayelekile.
