
2026-10-24
Chidule: Phunzirani momwe mungayesere zida zapampando wa valavu ya Stellite, yerekezerani Stellite 6 ndi Stellite 21, ndikutanthauzira zofunikira za gawo la OEM.
Mipando ya valavu ya stellite imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma valve ofunikira pomwe kukana kuvala, kukana kugunda, kuchita kwa dzimbiri, ndi magwiridwe antchito ziyenera kuganiziridwa palimodzi. Kusankha aloyi yoyenera kumafuna zambiri kuposa kusankha kalasi yazinthu: mainjiniya amayeneranso kuwunika momwe amagwirira ntchito, momwe amalumikizirana, kutentha, zofunikira zosindikizira, ndi kapangidwe kazinthu.
Stellite 6 ndi Stellite 21 ndi ma aloyi awiri opangidwa ndi cobalt okhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana. Stellite 6 imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pokana kuvala kwanthawi zonse, pomwe Stellite 21 imadziwika chifukwa chokana kuvala kwachitsulo ndi chitsulo, komanso magwiridwe antchito m'malo ena ovuta. Kusankha koyenera kumadalira njira yovala kwambiri komanso momwe ntchito ikugwirira ntchito. Onani zambiri zaukadaulo za opanga za Stellite 6 ndi Stellite 21.
Bukuli likufotokoza momwe mainjiniya ndi magulu ogula a OEM angayesere zida zapampando wa valavu ya Stellite, kufananiza zosankha za aloyi, ndikukonzekera zofunikira pakuwunika kwa ogulitsa.
Mpando wa valve ndi malo osindikizira omwe chinthu chotseka valavu, monga disc, mpira, kapena pulagi, chimalumikizana. Maonekedwe ake a geometry ndi mawonekedwe ake amakhudza kuthekera kwa valavu kuwongolera kapena kuyimitsa kutuluka kwamadzi.
Malingana ndi mapangidwe a valve, mpando ukhoza kukumana mobwerezabwereza, kugwedezeka, kuthamanga, kuthamanga, kusintha kwa kutentha, ndi kukhudzana ndi ndondomekoyi. Izi zimatha kupangitsa kuti pakhale kuwonongeka, kuwonongeka kwa pamwamba, kapena kutayikira.
M'malo ofunikira, mpando wa valve ukhoza kupangidwa kuchokera ku alloy osamva kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zoteteza pa gawo lapansi. Chigawo cholimba cha alloy ndi chigawo cholimba ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira, choncho ndondomekoyi iyenera kuzindikiritsa bwino lomwe mapangidwe omwe amafunikira.
Stellite ndi banja la aloyi opangidwa ndi cobalt opangidwa kuti agwiritse ntchito omwe amafunikira kuphatikiza kukana kuvala, kukana kukwiya, komanso magwiridwe antchito pansi pamikhalidwe yotentha kapena yamankhwala.
Makhalidwe a magiredi pawokha amatengera kapangidwe kake ka mankhwala, ma microstructure, ndi mbiri yakukonza. Kusiyanasiyana kwa zomwe zili ndi carbide ndi kapangidwe ka matrix kumakhudza kusamvana pakati pa kukana kuvala ndi mawonekedwe ena. Zotsatira zake, katundu wamba wa banja la Stellite sayenera kuwonedwa ngati ofanana m'giredi lililonse.
Stellite 6 imafotokozedwa ndi wopanga wake ngati aloyi wosamva kuvala wamba komanso ntchito yabwino yonse. Zogwirizana ndi cobalt-based wear-resistant zigawo zikuphatikizapo Alloy 6 zitsamba. Ntchito zake zolembedwa zikuphatikiza mipando ya valve ndi zitseko. Stellite 21 imadziwika chifukwa cha kukana kwa ma cavitation, galling, ndi zitsulo-to-metal sliding wear, koma sizovomerezeka chifukwa cha abrasion yolimba kwambiri.
Kusiyanaku kumapangitsa kusankha kwa aloyi kukhala chisankho chachindunji cha ntchito. Mpando womwe umalumikizidwa makamaka ndi zitsulo zobwerezabwereza umapereka vuto lina losankha kuchokera ku tinthu totupa kapena madzimadzi owopsa.
Gawo loyamba pakusankha mpando wa valve ya Stellite ndikuzindikira mikhalidwe yomwe ingachepetse magwiridwe antchito. Zinthu zomwe zimagwira bwino ntchito pamalo amodzi zitha kukhala zosayenera kwa zina.
Njira zovala ziyenera kudziwika musanasankhe kalasi ya alloy.
Stellite 6 ndiwodziwika bwino pamapulogalamu osamva kuvala ndipo amalembedwa kuti amakana kukhudzidwa ndi kukokoloka kwa cavitation. Stellite 21 ndiyofunikira makamaka pamene kuvala kwachitsulo ndi chitsulo ndizitsulo kuli kofunikira, koma sikuvomerezeka kuti zisawonongeke kwambiri.
Kulephera kwakukulu kumafunika kwambiri kuposa dzina lachinthu lokha. Mwachitsanzo, valavu yogwira madzi oyera ndi kukhudzana kwachitsulo mobwerezabwereza imapereka zofunikira zosiyana ndi vavu yomwe ikugwira slurry yodzaza ndi tinthu. Pamapeto pake, kuuma kwa tinthu, kukhazikika, ndi kukula kungakhudze kusankha kwazinthu.
Mainjiniya akuyeneranso kuwunika malo okwererako. Zida zake, kuuma kwake, kumaliza kwake, ndi geometry zimatha kukhudza kavalidwe kakusindikiza kwathunthu.
Sing'anga yopangira njira ndi chinthu china chofunikira pakusankha mipando ya valve.
Vavu imatha kukhala ndi madzi, nthunzi, ma hydrocarbon, mankhwala opangira, mpweya wowononga, kapena zosakaniza zomwe zili ndi zinthu zosungunuka ndi zowononga zolimba. Izi zitha kukhudza zida zapampando, gawo lake lapansi, ndi mawonekedwe pakati pa gawo loteteza ndi gawo lapansi.
Magulu a stellite ali ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana a dzimbiri. Stellite 21, mwachitsanzo, ndi aloyi ya cobalt-chromium-molybdenum, pomwe Stellite 6 ili ndi tungsten ndipo imakhala ndi mpweya wambiri womwe umatchedwanso. Kusiyanasiyana kwapang'onopang'ono kumeneku kumathandizira kutengera mawonekedwe awo osiyanasiyana, koma kapangidwe kake kokha sikumatsimikizira kugwirizana ndi madzi enaake.
Asanatchule kalasi, mainjiniya ayenera kulemba:
Kufotokozera ngati "kusamva dzimbiri" sikokwanira kutsimikizira kuyenerera kwa njira inayake. Kumene chilengedwe chili choopsa kwambiri, zinthu zomwe zikufunidwazo ziyenera kuyang'aniridwa ndi zolemba zaukadaulo ndi momwe ntchito zikuyendera.
Kutentha kumakhudza kachitidwe ka zinthu, maubale owoneka bwino, komanso magwiridwe antchito a mawonekedwe osindikizira a valve. Kupanikizika kumakhudza katundu wamakina omwe akugwira pampando ndi malo ake okhudzana nawo.
Kutentha kobwerezabwereza ndi kuziziritsa kungapangitsenso kusintha kwa mawonekedwe ndi kupsinjika kwa kutentha, makamaka pamene mpando ndi chigawo chake chothandizira zimakhala ndi zinthu zosiyana.
Mukamayesa mpando wa valve ya Stetellite, ganizirani:
Stellite 6 imadziwika kuti imasunga kuuma kofunikira pakutentha kokwera, pomwe Stellite 21 imadziwika chifukwa chokana kugwedezeka kwamafuta ndi makina. Makhalidwe onsewa samakhazikitsa kuyenerera kwa valve iliyonse yotentha kwambiri kapena yothamanga kwambiri. Chigamulo chomaliza chiyenera kuwerengera mapangidwe a valve ndi ma envulopu ogwiritsira ntchito.
Kukana kuvala kokha sikutsimikizira kusindikizidwa kodalirika. Mpando wa valavu uyenera kukhala ndi mawonekedwe olumikizana ndi ma geometry ofunikira komanso mawonekedwe apansi pa moyo wake wonse wautumiki.
Zofunikira pamapangidwe amaphatikiza kukula kwa mipando, m'lifupi mwake, kutalika kwapamtunda, kuyanjanitsa, ndi mgwirizano pakati pa mpando ndi malo osindikizira otsutsana.
Mainjiniya akuyenera kuwunika zinthu zinayi zazikuluzikulu:
Malo otsutsana nawo amayenera kusamala kwambiri. Kusankha mpando wosamva kuvala popanda kuyang'ananso za kukweretsa kungapangitse kuti osindikiza onse azikhala pachiwopsezo chovulala, kuvala mosagwirizana, kapena kutayikira.
Kumene mpando umagwiritsa ntchito malo olimba, ndondomekoyo iyeneranso kugwirizanitsa mgwirizano pakati pa alloy yoyikidwa ndi maziko. Zofunikira pagawo lomalizidwa, kukonza makina, ndi kuyendera ziyenera kuvomerezedwa musanapange.
Stellite 6 ndi Stellite 21 onse ndi aloyi opangidwa ndi cobalt, koma mawonekedwe awo amasiyana m'njira zomwe zingakhudze magwiridwe antchito a mipando ya valve. Kuyerekeza pansipa kumapereka chidule cha zomwe zidalembedwa ndi wopanga alloy. Cholinga chake ndi kutsogolera kuunika koyambirira, osati kulowetsa m'malo mwaukadaulo wokhudzana ndi ntchito.
| Chosankha | Stellite 6 | Chithunzi 21 |
|---|---|---|
| Makhalidwe ambiri | Aloyi wosamva kuvala wa cholinga chonse | Aloyi amaganiziridwa kuti azitha kuvala, kunjenjemera, komanso malo osankhidwa ovuta |
| Main alloying makhalidwe | Opangidwa ndi cobalt, okhala ndi chromium, tungsten, ndi kaboni | Opangidwa ndi cobalt, okhala ndi chromium ndi molybdenum komanso okhala ndi mpweya wochepa |
| Valani malingaliro | Broad kuvala kukana komanso kukana bwino kukhudzidwa ndi kukokoloka kwa cavitation | Kukana kwamphamvu kwa ma galling ndi kuvala kwazitsulo-to-zitsulo |
| Kuwonongeka kwa tinthu ting'onoting'ono | Unikani molingana ndi kuuma ndi zikhalidwe za ntchitoyo | Osavomerezeka kwambiri zolimba tinthu abrasion |
| Malingaliro a dzimbiri | Amapereka kukana kwa dzimbiri m'malo ambiri; kugwirizana kuyenera kutsimikiziridwa | Amapereka kukana kwa dzimbiri; kukwanira kumadalira malo enieni |
| Malingaliro opanga | Njira zomwe zilipo zimatengera fomu yosankhidwa ndi wopereka | Katundu amatha kukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi njira yopangira komanso chithandizo cha kutentha chotsatira |
Tebulo silikutsimikizira kuti aloyi ndi yabwino kwambiri. Magwiridwe ake amatengera momwe amagwirira ntchito, kapangidwe kazinthu, mawonekedwe azinthu, ndi njira yopangira.
Kusankha kothandiza kumayamba ndi kufunikira kwa magwiridwe antchito omwe amafunikira kwambiri.
Pamene ambiri kuvala kukana ndicho chofunika kwambiri
Stellite 6 ikhoza kukhala yoyenerera kuti iwunikenso koyamba chifukwa imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri podzitchinjiriza kuvala kwanthawi zonse ndipo imalembedwa pamipando ya ma valve. Chigamulocho chiyenera kuwerengera kuopsa kwa kuvala, malo okwerera, ndi moyo wofunikira wogwirira ntchito.
Pamene galling ndi zitsulo-to-zitsulo kutsetsereka ndi nkhawa yaikulu
Stellite 21 ikuyenera kuganiziridwa chifukwa cha zolembedwa zake zotsutsana ndi kukwera ndi zitsulo-to-zitsulo kuvala. Komabe, ngati valavu imagwiranso ntchito zochulukira za tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta abrasive particles, ubwino umenewo suyenera kutanthauziridwa ngati umboni wokwanira kugwiritsa ntchito kwathunthu.
Pamene dzimbiri zimakhudza kusankha zinthu
Chemistry yeniyeni yamadzimadzi iyenera kutsogolera kufananitsa. Magawo onse a alloy ndi zida zozungulira ziyenera kuwunikiridwa potengera sing'anga, kutentha, ndi magwiridwe antchito. Ngati sizikutsimikizika, pezani upangiri waukadaulo wokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito musanavomereze zinthuzo.
Pamene matenthedwe kupalasa njinga kapena kukhudza n'kofunika
Unikaninso kutentha kwanthawi zonse komanso kwakanthawi. Stellite 21 yalembedwa kuti ikanize kugwedezeka kwa kutentha ndi makina, pamene Stellite 6 imatsutsa bwino kukhudzidwa ndi kukokoloka kwa cavitation. Izi ndizosiyana malinga ndi magwiridwe antchito, chifukwa chake njira yonyamulira yoyenera iyenera kudziwika musanapange chisankho.
Pamafunso ovuta, kusankha komaliza kungafunike data yaukadaulo ya wopanga, kuwunikiranso uinjiniya, kapena kuyesa pansi pamikhalidwe yoyimilira.
Musanatsimikize za mpando wa valavu ya Stellite, mainjiniya ayenera kuyankha mafunso awa:
Mafunsowa amathandizira kudziwa ngati giredi la ofuna kulowa mgululi ndi loyenera kujambula, mawu, ndi kupanga zisanamalizidwe.
Aloyi yoyenera ndi gawo limodzi lokha la mpando wodalirika wa valve. Njira yopangira ndi kuwunika komaliza kumakhudzanso ngati gawo lomalizidwa likukwaniritsa zofunikira zake. Njira zenizeni zomwe zilipo zimatengera kapangidwe kazinthu, mawonekedwe ofunikira, ndi kuthekera kwa ogulitsa.
Chojambulacho chiyenera kufotokozera zomwe zimakhudza kukwanira, kusonkhanitsa, ndi kusindikiza.
Kutengera kapangidwe kake, izi zitha kukhala:
Pampando wa nkhope yolimba, chojambula kapena mawonekedwe ogwirizana nawo ayenera kufotokozera kuti ndi miyeso iti yomwe imatanthawuza gawo loyambira komanso lomwe limatanthawuza gawo lomalizidwa. Iyeneranso kufotokozera zofunikira zilizonse pachitetezo chachitetezo ndi malo omaliza osindikizira.
Zolemba zomveka bwino zimathandizira kuchepetsa kumveka bwino panthawi ya mawu, kukonzekera kupanga, ndi kuwunika komaliza.
Cobalt-based alloys osamva kuvala amafunikira njira zoyenera zamakina ndi zida. Makhalidwe awo amasiyanasiyana malinga ndi msinkhu komanso momwe zinthu zilili.

Stellite 21 imatha kugwira ntchito molimbika panthawi yovala komanso ngakhale pakupanga makina, kupanga zida zoyenera ndi njira zamakina kukhala zofunika. Stellite 6 imalembedwanso ngati machinable ndi zida za carbide mumitundu yoyenera.
Pamipando ya ma valve, makina ayenera kulinganizidwa mozungulira zofunikira zomaliza zogwirira ntchito osati kufanana ndi mawonekedwe okha. Zofunikira zofunika ndizo:
Pamene gawo loteteza la alloy likugwiritsidwa ntchito ku gawo lapansi, makina opangira makina ndi kumaliza ayenera kuwerengera miyeso yofunikira komanso kapangidwe kake. Mayendedwe ake enieni ayenera kuzindikirika kuchokera ku zojambula, mawonekedwe azinthu, ndi njira yopangira.
Zofunikira zowunikira ziyenera kuvomerezedwa musanayambe kupanga, makamaka pamene mipando ya valve ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pa ntchito yovuta.
| Malo oyendera | Zoyenera kufotokozera |
|---|---|
| Kutsimikizira kwazinthu | Gulu lofunikira, chizindikiritso chazinthu, ndi zolemba zoyenera |
| Kuyang'ana mozama | Miyezo yovuta, kulolerana, maumboni a datum, ndi njira zoyezera |
| Kuyang'ana pamwamba | Zolakwika zapamtunda zoyenera ndi njira zovomerezeka |
| Kusindikiza geometry | Mbiri yofunikira, kulumikizana ndi geometry, ndi kumaliza |
| Hardfacing, ngati kuli kotheka | Miyezo ya masanjidwe ndi macheke aliwonse omwe atchulidwa kapena kukhulupirika |
| Kuyesa kogwira ntchito | Kutayikira kofunikira kapena mayeso ena amachitidwe, ngati kuli koyenera |
| Zolemba | Malipoti oyendera, zolemba zakufufuza, ndi zina zomwe mwagwirizana |

Sizinthu zonse zomwe ndizofunikira pampando uliwonse wa valve. Dongosolo loyendera liyenera kuwonetsa kapangidwe kake, kufunikira kwautumiki, miyezo yoyenera, ndi zomwe makasitomala amafuna.
Mwachitsanzo, kuyang'ana koyang'ana kokha sikumasonyeza kuti valve idzakwaniritsa zofunikira zake zowonongeka. Ngati kuyezetsa kogwira ntchito kumafunika, njira yoyesera, mikhalidwe, ndi njira zovomerezera ziyenera kufotokozedwa mosiyana.
Chitsimikizo chazinthu, kuyezetsa kosawononga, ndi kutsata siziyenera kuganiziridwa kuti zikuphatikizidwa mulingo wamba wa ogulitsa. Wogula ayenera kuzindikira zolembedwa zofunika ndikutsimikizira kupezeka kwake asanapereke oda.
Pempho lomveka bwino la quotation (RFQ) limathandiza ogulitsa kuwunika gawolo ndikuchepetsa chiwopsezo cha malingaliro olakwika okhudza zinthu, kupanga, ndi kuyang'anira.
Yambani ndikulemba momwe mpando wa valve udzagwirira ntchito.
Phatikizanipo, ngati kuli koyenera:
Ngati gawolo likulowa m'malo mwa mpando womwe ulipo, perekani mbiri yake yautumiki ndikuwona kulephera ngati kulipo. Umboni wa njira yeniyeni yowonongeka ingathandize kusiyanitsa pakati pa vuto la zinthu, vuto la mapangidwe, ndi vuto la momwe ntchito ikugwirira ntchito.
Pewani kusankha giredi chifukwa idagwiritsidwa ntchito mu valve yofanana. Kusiyanasiyana kwa chemistry yamadzimadzi, kutsitsa, kulumikizana ndi geometry, ndi kuzungulira kwa magwiridwe antchito kungasinthe zofunikira.
Perekani zojambula zamakono zaumisiri kapena seti yathunthu yazinthu zofunikira.
Phukusi la RFQ liyenera kuzindikira:
Ngati mapangidwewo amalola wogulitsa kuti apereke njira ina yopangira kapena mtundu wa alloy, tchulani izi momveka bwino. Ngati giredi yakuthupi ndiyofunikira, zindikirani ngati chofunikira chokhazikika.
Kusiyanaku kuli kofunika chifukwa njira ina ingakhudze masitepe opangira, zofunikira zowunikira, zosowa zoyenerera, komanso kugwirizana ndi mapangidwe omwe alipo.
Mafotokozedwe azinthu ayenera kuzindikira aloyi yofunikira mosakayikira.
Mukamaganizira za Stellite 6 kapena Stellite 21, tsimikizirani kalasiyo motsutsana ndi zolemba zaukadaulo zomwe zikugwira ntchito. Tsimikiziraninso mawonekedwe ofunikira komanso njira yopangira, popeza katundu amatha kusiyanasiyana ndi mbiri yakale.
Kwa Stellite 21, wopanga amawona kuti makina amakina amadalira kwambiri njira yopangira ndi chithandizo cha kutentha chotsatira. Kutchulidwa kwa giredi kokha kungakhale kosakwanira ngati ntchitoyo ikufuna mawonekedwe kapena mawonekedwe enaake.
Musanavomereze, fotokozerani:
Ngati chigawocho chikugwiritsa ntchito hardfacing, mafotokozedwewo ayenera padera kuti agwirizane ndi zinthu zoyambira ndikuyika alloy ngati kuli koyenera. Zofunikira pagawo lomalizidwa, makina omaliza, ndi kuvomereza ziyeneranso kukhazikitsidwa.
Kumene mapangidwe, chiwopsezo cha ntchito, kapena mgwirizano wogula umafuna chivomerezo chachitsanzo, khazikitsani njira yovomerezera musanapange zambiri.
Kuwunikaku kungaphatikizepo kutsimikizira kwapang'onopang'ono, zolemba zakuthupi, kuyang'ana pamwamba, ndi macheke ena ofunikira ndiukadaulo.
Ngati magwiridwe antchito akuyenera kuwonetsedwa, fotokozerani njira yoyesera ndi njira zovomerezera pasadakhale. Chitsanzo chofanana ndi chojambulira sichimangowonetsa kuvala kwa nthawi yayitali kapena kuwonongeka kwa nthawi yogwirira ntchito.
Pa maoda obwereza, fotokozani momveka bwino momwe kukonzanso zojambula, zosintha, kusintha kachitidwe, ndi magawo osagwirizana zidzasamalidwe. Izi zimathandiza kusunga kugwirizana pakati pa kuvomereza kwachitsanzo ndi kupanga kotsatira.
Ma alloys a stellite amagwiritsidwa ntchito pampando wa ma valve omwe amafunikira kusakanikirana kwa kukana, kukana kukwiya, komanso kugwira ntchito pansi pazovuta zamafuta kapena mankhwala. Stellite 6 imalembedwa pamipando ya ma valve ndi zitseko, pomwe Stellite 21 imadziwika ndi kuvala kwachitsulo kupita kuchitsulo komanso kukana kugunda. Kuyenerera kumatengera malo ogwirira ntchito komanso kapangidwe kazinthu.
Stellite 6 imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poteteza mavalidwe wamba ndipo imapereka kukana kwamitundu ingapo yakuwonongeka kwamakina. Stellite 21 nthawi zambiri imaganiziridwa ngati kutsetsereka kwachitsulo kupita kuchitsulo, kugunda, ndi malo ena ovuta. Iwo ali osavomerezeka kwambiri zolimba tinthu abrasion. Kusankhidwa komaliza kuyenera kutengera njira yolephereka kwambiri komanso magwiridwe antchito athunthu.
Kufotokozera kothandiza kumaphatikizapo kujambula kwa uinjiniya, kalasi yazinthu, mawonekedwe ofunikira, sing'anga yogwirira ntchito, kutentha ndi kupanikizika, mavalidwe, miyeso yovuta, zofunikira zosindikizira, ndi njira zoyendera. Ngati chigawocho ndi cholimba, mafotokozedwewo ayeneranso kuthana ndi gawo lapansi ndi gawo lomaliza la aloyi.
Ayi. Kukwanira kumatengera mtundu wa aloyi, momwe zinthu ziliri, kuyika kwa makina, kuyendetsa njinga zamoto, sing'anga, ndi kapangidwe ka valve. Deta yazinthu zonse ziyenera kuwunikiranso mogwirizana ndi zomwe zikuchitika. Ngati kuli kofunikira, pezani upangiri wokhudzana ndi uinjiniya musanavomereze zinthuzo.
Kusankha mpando wa valavu ya Stellite kumafuna kuunika kogwirizana kwa mavalidwe, mikhalidwe ya dzimbiri, kutentha, kupanikizika, kusindikiza geometry, ndi zofunikira pakupanga.
Stellite 6 ndi poyambira wamba pakuwunika ntchito zoletsa kuvala. Stellite 21 ingakhale yofunikira kulingalira komwe kugwedezeka, kutsetsereka kwachitsulo kupita kuchitsulo, kapena zinthu zina zofunika kwambiri ndizofunikira, koma sizovomerezeka kuti zikhale zovuta kwambiri. Palibe giredi yomwe iyenera kusankhidwa popanda kuyang'ana malo enieni ogwirira ntchito ndi zofunikira zagawo.
Pama projekiti a OEM, chojambulira chathunthu, magwiridwe antchito omveka bwino, mawonekedwe omveka bwino azinthu, ndi njira zoyendera zomwe zagwirizana zimapereka maziko abwino owunikira omwe akugulitsa.
Ngati mukuyang'ana mipando ya Stellite valve, konzekerani zojambulazo, kalasi ya alloy yofunikira, momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito, ndi zofunikira za khalidwe musanapemphe mawu. Izi zimathandiza ogulitsa kuwunika zinthu zomwe akufuna komanso njira yopangira mogwirizana ndi zomwe mukufuna. Dziwani zambiri za luso lathu lopanga makina ndi CNC.