I-N08028 akulona ibanga olicacisa ngokunganaki. Konjiniyela namaqembu okuthenga athola izingxenye zensimbi ezikhethekile ze-N08028, ukumelana nokugqwala kwempahla kuyingxenye yendaba. Ihlala emndenini we-alloy austenitic ephezulu, eyenzelwe izindawo lapho i-316L izohluleka khona-ama-acids agxilile, imifudlana yenqubo ecebile nge-chloride, nezimo zegesi elimuncu. Enye ingxenye yendaba ukuthi ingabe ingxenye ingakwazi umshini ukuze idwebe, iphathwe ngokushisa ngendlela efanele, futhi iqinisekiswe ngaphambi kokuba ingene enkonzweni. Le ndatshana ixhuma ukwakheka kwempahla kanye nezakhiwo namaqiniso asebenzayo wokukhiqiza nokuthola izingxenye ze-N08028.
Iyini i-N08028 Stainless Steel?
I-N08028 iyinsimbi engagqwali ye-alloy austenitic ephezulu ekhonjwe ngenombolo ye-UNS engu-N08028 kanye nokuqokwa kwe-European 1.4563 (X1NiCrMoCu 31-27-4). Iphinde imakethwe ngaphansi kwamagama okuhweba okuhlanganisa Sanicro 28, Ingxubevange 28, kanye ne-Incoloy 028. Leli banga lathuthukiswa ukuze lisetshenziswe emithonjeni yezindaba egqwala kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ukucutshungulwa kwe-phosphoric acid, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi liye lamukelwa ekucutshungulweni kwamakhemikhali, uwoyela negesi, kanye nemishini yokulawula ukungcola.
I-alloy ibonakala ngokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-nickel (okulinganiselwa ku-31%), i-chromium ephezulu (cishe ama-27%), kanye nezengezo ze-molybdenum nethusi. Le nhlanganisela iyayihlukanisa namamaki ajwayelekile e-austenitic: akuyona i-316L eguquliwe noma "i-super austenitic" ngomqondo ojwayelekile, kodwa ukwakheka okukhethekile okuklanyelwe ukumelana nakho kokubili ama-asidi oxidizing kanye nokunciphisa, nethusi elidlala indima ebalulekile enkonzweni ye-sulfuric acid.
Ngokucaciswa kokuthengwa kwempahla nemidwebo, okokusebenza kufanele kukhonjwe ngenombolo yayo ye-UNS noma i-EN esikhundleni samagama ezentengiso kuphela. I-ASTM B668 ihlanganisa i-UNS N08028 kanye ne-N08029 ipayipi elingenamthungo kanye neshubhu lensizakalo yokugqwala evamile, edinga isimo esinesixazululo kanye nezidingo zokuhlola zamakhemikhali, eziqinile, kanye ne-hydrostatic.
Ukubunjwa Kwekhemikhali Nezakhiwo Ezibalulekile
Ukwakhiwa kwegama le-N08028 (UNS N08028 / EN 1.4563) cishe: i-chromium 27%, i-nickel 31%, i-molybdenum 3.5%, ithusi 1.0%, nekhabhoni ekhawulelwe ku-≤0.020%. Okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ephansi (ibanga le-ELC) kunciphisa ubungozi bokuzwela ngesikhathi sokushisela kanye nokuchayeka kwezinga lokushisa eliphakeme.
Inombolo elinganayo yokumelana ne-pitting (PRE) ye-N08028 ngokuvamile ibikwa ngobuncane obungu-38, ibalwa ngefomula evamile PRE = %Cr + 3.3 × %Mo + 16 × %N. Imithombo yezinkampani zangaphandle ibika amanani e-PRE ebangeni elicishe libe ngu-38–41, kuye ngohlobo lomkhiqizo nesisekelo sokubala. Lokhu kubeka i-N08028 ngaphezu kuka-316L (PRE ngokuvamile ~25–28) kanye nobubanzi bamamaki e-super austenitic, nakuba ingashintsheki ngokuqondile namabanga aphezulu e-molybdenum njengama-alloys angu-6Mo.
Izakhiwo zikamshini zesitokwe sebha esinesixazululo zicaciswe emandleni esivuno esincane (Rp0.2) sama-MPa angama-220, amandla aqinile angama-550–750 MPa, nokwelulwa okungu-≥35%. Ukuqina ngokuvamile kungu-≤220 HB. I-austenitic microstructure inikeza ukuqina komthelela omuhle ngisho namazinga okushisa e-cryogenic.
Ithebula: Ukwakheka kwegama kanye nezakhiwo ezibalulekile ze-N08028 (amanani ayireferensi)
| Ipharamitha | Inani |
| Cr / Ni / Mo / Cu | ~27% / ~31% / ~3.5% / ~1.0% |
| Ikhabhoni (ubuningi) | 0.020% |
| PRE (ububanzi obujwayelekile) | ~38–41 (kuncike esibalweni) |
| I-Rp0.2 (isixazululo sikhishiwe) | ≥220 MPa |
| Rm | 550–750 MPa |
| Ukwelula | ≥35% |
Imithombo: Imininingwane yedatha ye-Alleima ye-Sanicro 28. Amanani ajwayelekile futhi kufanele aqinisekiswe ngokumelene nefomu lomkhiqizo othile kanye nesitifiketi somphakeli.
Iqhathaniswa kanjani i-N08028 Nezinsimbi Ezingagqwali Ezivamile
Ukuqhathanisa no-304 kanye no-316L yikhona okuzokwenziwa ngabafundi abaningi, futhi umehluko ungokwesakhiwo, awukho umkhawulo.
| Ibanga | Cr | Ni | Mo | Cu | PRE (okujwayelekile) |
| 304 | ~18% | ~8% | — | — | ~ 18–20 |
| 316L | ~16–18% | ~10–14% | ~2–3% | — | ~25–28 |
| N08028 | ~27% | ~31% | ~3.5% | ~1.0% | ≥38 |
Amanani angu-PRE amabanga ayizinkomba ahluka ngokwakhiwa okuthile kanye nendlela yokubala.
Okuqukethwe kwe-nickel ye-N08028 cishe kuphindwe kathathu kuya kwezine kunalokho kuka-304 noma 316L. Lokhu kubalulekile ngenxa yezizathu ezimbili. Okokuqala, i-nickel ephezulu ithuthukisa ukumelana nokuqhekeka kokugqwala kokucindezeleka kwe-chloride, imodi yokwehluleka engenzeka ku-304 no-316L ngaphansi kokucindezeleka okuqinile ngesikhathi esisodwa kanye nokuchayeka kwe-chloride. Okwesibili, i-nickel iqinisa isakhiwo se-austenitic futhi inomthelela ekuqineni.
Amaleveli e-chromium ne-molybdenum anikeza ukumelana nokugqwala kwe-pitting kanye nokuqhekeka okuboniswa kunani le-PRE. Ucwaningo ngezinsimbi ezingenasici ze-superaustenitic luqinisekisile ukuthi ukwanda kokuqukethwe kwe-Cr, i-Mo, ne-N kuthuthukisa ukumelana nokugqwala emithonjeni ye-chloride, kuyilapho izengezo zethusi zithuthukisa ngokukhethekile ukumelana ne-sulfuric acid. Yingakho i-N08028 ivame ukukhethwa ezindaweni ze-phosphoric ne-sulfuric acid lapho i-316L izogqwala ngamanani angamukeleki.
I-trade-off yizindleko nokusebenza komshini. Okuqukethwe kwe-alloying okunikeza ukumelana nokugqwala kwenza i-N08028 ibize kakhulu ngekhilogremu ngayinye futhi ifuneke kakhulu emshinini. Akukona ukuthuthukiswa kwenhloso evamile kusuka ku-316L; iwukukhetha okuhlosiwe kwezindawo lapho ubungozi bokugqwala buvumela inkokhelo yezindleko.
Izindlela Zokukhiqiza Zezingxenye Zensimbi Engagqwali i-N08028
Indlela yokuqala yokukhiqiza yezingxenye ezikhethekile zensimbi engenasici yi-N08028 CNC imishini kusuka kubha yesitoko, ibha engenalutho, noma i-billet yomgunyathi. Izinto ezisetshenziswayo zitholakala zisesimweni esifakwe kwisixazululo njengebha eyindilinga, ibha engenalutho, neshubhu engenamthungo. Ezingxenyeni eziningi ezenziwe ngomshini—amashafu wepompo, ama-valve angaphakathi, okokufakwayo, nemizimba yamathuluzi—ukugeleza komsebenzi yilokhu: thola ibha ehlanganisiwe noma ibha engenalutho enobubanzi obudingekayo, umshini ube eduze nenethi noma umumo wokugcina, futhi uqinisekise ubukhulu nesimo sezinto ezibonakalayo.
I-Forging isetshenziselwa izimo ezinkulu noma eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu lapho ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nesakhiwo sokusanhlamvu kuthanda i-preform engumgunyathi ngaphezu kwesitoko sebha. I-N08028 ingashiswa, kodwa iwindi lokushisa lincane kunamamaki ajwayelekile e-austenitic. Imithombo yezimboni ezingezona ezisemthethweni iphakamisa ububanzi bokusebenza okushisayo obucishe bube ngu-1050–1200°C elinezinga lokushisa elincane lokumisa elingaphezu kuka-950°C, kodwa lesi siqondiso asiveli kumininingwane yedatha ye-Alleima ebuyekezwe lesi sihloko futhi kufanele siqinisekiswe ngokuqondile nomnikezeli wezinto ezibonakalayo nganoma yikuphi ukusebenza komgunyathi.
Ukushisela kuyenzeka futhi i-N08028 ichazwa njengenokushisela okuhle, kepha ishiselwe N08028 izingxenye zidinga ukunakwa kwesimo se-post-weld. U-Alleima uphawula ukuthi emisebenzini evamile yokushisela, okokufaka ukushisa ensimbi yomzali kwenzeka isikhathi esifushane kakhulu kunesikhathi lapho ukugqwala kwe-intergranular kuba yingozi, nokuthi ingozi yokuhlaselwa kwe-intergranular ngemva kokushisela incane. Kodwa-ke, uma i-weld noma indawo ethinteke ekushiseni izochayeka kusevisi egqwala kakhulu, ukufakwa kwesisombululo ngemva kokushisela kusengacaciswa unjiniyela onomthwalo wemfanelo. Lesi sihloko sigxile ezingxenyeni zomshini; ukushisela kufanele kuthathwe njengomsebenzi okhethekile odinga izinqubo ezifanelekayo.
Ukucatshangelwa Komshini Kwezingxenye Zensimbi Engagqwali Ezikhethekile ze-N08028
I-Machining N08028 iveza izinselelo zakudala zensimbi engagqwali ye-alloy austenitic: ukuqina komsebenzi osheshayo, ukuhanjiswa kwe-thermal okuphansi, kanye nokuthambekela kokunamathela kumathuluzi okusika. I-alloy's high nickel kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-molybdenum kukhulisa le miphumela uma kuqhathaniswa no-316L.
Ukuqina komsebenzi kuwukuziphatha okubaluleke kakhulu kokulawula ubukhulu. Lapho ithuluzi lihlikihla kunokuba lisike—ngenxa yokungondleki okwanele, umphetho ongacacile, noma ukujula okunganele kokusikwa—ungqimba olungaphezulu luyaqina kakhulu. Iphasi elilandelayo libe selihlangana nendawo eqinile, isheshisa ukuguga kwamathuluzi futhi iphushe umsebenzi ubheke engxoxweni nasekuqedeni okungekuhle. Okushiwo okungokoqobo ukuthi amasu omshini “omnene” anokuphakela ukukhanya nokujula okuncane kokusika awazuzisi. Ithuluzi kumele libandakanye okubalulekile okungaphansi kwendawo eqinile kusukela kuphasi yangaphambilini.
Ukuphatha okushisayo kubaluleke ngokufanayo. I-thermal conductivity ye-N08028 iphansi, ngakho-ke ukushisa okusika kugxila onqenqemeni lwethuluzi kunokuba kuhlakazeke kucezu lokusebenza noma ku-chip. Isiqondiso semishini sika-Alleima esisemthethweni se-Sanicro 28 sincoma ukwehlisa isivinini sokusika cishe ngo-50-55% uma kuqhathaniswa ne-Sanmac 316/316L lapho ujikwa ngamathuluzi e-carbide anosimende, kuyilapho kunciphisa okuphakelayo kancane nangokucophelela. Lesi isiqalo sezinto ezithize, hhayi isincomo esijwayelekile "sensimbi engagqwali." Isipholile esinengcindezi ephezulu eqondiswe endaweni yokusika sisiza ukuphatha impilo yamathuluzi. I-geometry yamathuluzi kanye nokukhethwa kwebanga kufanele kuhambisane nokusebenza okuqondile; umphakeli onolwazi nge-high-nickel austenitic alloys uzobe esungule imingcele esikhundleni sokuzama emsebenzini.
Ubuqotho bobuso budinga ukunakwa okucacile kwezingxenye ezimelana nokubola. Ingcindezi eyinsalela eyenziwe ngomshini kanye nezinguquko ze-microstructural zingathinta ukuqaliswa kokugqwala kwendawo. Nakuba impendulo ethile yobuqotho bendawo ye-N08028 ekwenzeni imishini ingabhaliwe emithonjeni etholakala esidlangalaleni kune-316L, umgomo ojwayelekile uyasebenza: indawo egcotshiwe, eqiniswe umsebenzi ayilingani nesikwe kahle lapho ingxenye izobhekana namakhemikhali anolaka. Ezindaweni ezibucayi zokuvala noma izindawo ezimanzi, ukusebenza kokuqeda kanye nesimo samathuluzi kufanele kucaciswe futhi kuqinisekiswe.
Ukunemba Kobukhulu, Ukubekezelela, kanye Nokuphela Kwendawo
Izidingo zokubekezelela nokuqedwa kwangaphezulu kwezingxenye ze-N08028 kufanele ziqhutshwe umsebenzi, hhayi ngokucabanga ukuthi into “ekhethekile” idinga ukubekezelelana okuqinile okufanayo. Ukucaciswa okwengeziwe ezicini ezingasebenzi kwandisa izindleko nobungozi obulahliwe ngaphandle kokuthuthukisa ukusebenza.
Ezindaweni ezisebenzayo-ubuso be-seal, ukulingana okuthwalayo, ama-diameter okukhwelana - ukubekezelelana kufanele kubonise izidingo zomhlangano. Ijenali ye-pump shaft noma isiqu se-valve ingase idinge i-IT7 noma okungcono, kuyilapho izimbobo zokusula nezindawo ezingahlangani zingasebenzisa ukubekezelelana okuvamile. Umphakeli womshini kufanele aqinisekise amandla esici esithile nesimo sezinto ezibonakalayo kunokuba acatshangwe kusukela kokuhlangenwe nakho nge-316L.
Ubulukhuni bobuso ezindaweni ezimanzi noma ezivalekile buthinta kokubili ukusebenza nokuziphatha kokugqwala. Indawo emagebhugebhu inikeza amasayithi amaningi okuqalisa umgodi futhi ingagcina izinsalela zenqubo. Ebusweni obuvala uphawu, amanani e-Ra ebangeni lika-0.8–1.6 μm avame ukucaciswa, kuyilapho izindawo ezingabalulekile zingamukela u-3.2 μm noma ngaphezulu. Lawa ububanzi bereferensi bezingxenye zensimbi engagqwali ezenziwe ngomshini ngokuvamile; inani elifanele lincike endleleni ethile yokuvala uphawu noma isidingo sokuhlanzeka.
Inothi elilodwa elisebenzayo lemidwebo: uma isiphetho esingaphezulu noma ukubekezelelwa kucacisiwe ngaphandle kwezizathu ezisebenzayo, umphakeli angase awenqabe umsebenzi noma acaphune inani eliphezulu ukuze aqinisekise ukuthotshelwa komthetho. Umbhalo ocacile wokuthi yiziphi izindawo ezisebenzayo nokuthi iziphi ezibekezelela okuvamile kusiza kokubili umphakeli nomthengi.
Izicelo zezimboni ze-N08028 Stainless Steel Components
Izinhlelo zokusebenza lapho i-N08028 ikhethiwe yabelana ngesici esivamile: indawo yokugqwala idlula amandla angu-316L, futhi ingxenye yejiyomethri idinga umshini esikhundleni sefomu leshubhu elilula.
Amakhemikhali kanye ne-petrochemical processing. I-N08028 isetshenziswa emishinini yokukhiqiza i-phosphoric acid, ukuphatha i-sulfuric acid, kanye nezingxenye zokushintsha ukushisa. Ukwengezwa kwethusi kuthuthukisa ngokukhethekile ukusebenza ezindaweni ze-sulfuric acid, kuyilapho okuqukethwe kwe-chromium ne-molybdenum kubhekana nezimo ze-oxidizing. Izingxenye zepompo, i-valve trim, futhi abangaphakathi kwe-reactor kulawa masevisi bayizingxenye ezijwayelekile zomshini.
Uwoyela negesi—inkonzo emuncu. Ezindaweni eziqukethe i-H₂S, i-CO₂, nama-chlorides, i-N08028 inikeza ukumelana nokuqhekeka kwengcindezi ye-sulfide kanye nokuqhekeka kokugqwala kwengcindezi. U-Alleima ubika ukuthi i-Sanicro 28 igunyazwe ngaphansi kwe-NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 ngesevisi ephikisana nokuqhekeka kwe-sulfide kumishini yasensimini kawoyela. Amathuluzi e-Downhole, isitokwe sokuhlanganisa, nezingxenye zevalvu zemithombo yegesi emuncu ziyizibonelo zokusetshenziswa. Qaphela ukuthi lesi sihloko sikhuluma ngezingxenye zomshini; imikhiqizo ye-tubular imbozwe ngokucaciswa okuhlukile.
Amanzi olwandle namasistimu okupholisa ane-chloride. Inani eliphakeme le-PRE lihumusha ukumelana nokugoba nokugqwala emanzini aqukethe i-chloride. U-Alleima ucaphuna ulwazi olusebenzayo oluqinisekisa ukufaneleka kwe-Sanicro 28 kumapayipi aphethe amanzi olwandle kanye nezishintshisi zokushisa ezipholiswe ngamanzi olwandle. Izingxenye ezifana nama-pump shafts, izinto zokubopha, kanye nemizimba yama-valve kumasekhethi okupholisa amanzi asolwandle noma anosawoti angasebenzisa i-N08028 lapho i-316L ibonise ukuphila okunganele.
Ukulawulwa kokungcola kanye nokukhishwa kwegesi ephuma e-flue. Izimo ze-asidi exubile ne-chloride kumasistimu wokukhuhla we-FGD zingadlula umkhawulo wezinsimbi ezingenasici ezijwayelekile. Izingxenye ze-N08028 ku-damper shafts, imibhobho yokufutha, kanye futha ngaphakathi ziyizibonelo zezingxenye zomshini ezikhethelwe lezi zimo.
Esimeni ngasinye, ukukhethwa kwezinto kufanele kuqinisekiswe ngokumelene nekhemistri ethile, izinga lokushisa, nesimo sokucindezeleka sohlelo lokusebenza. I-N08028 ayisona isixazululo sasemhlabeni wonke sezindawo “ezonakalisayo”; iyisixazululo sezindawo ezithile lapho inhlanganisela ye-alloy yayo ethile ifanelekile.
Izidingo Zobuchwepheshe Zokuqinisekisa Lapho Uthola Izingxenye ze-N08028
I-oda lokuthenga lezingxenye ze-N08028 elithi kuphela "impahla: N08028" lishiya okuningi kakhulu ekuchazeni. Lezi zidingo ezilandelayo kufanele zivezwe ngokucacile embuzweni futhi ziqinisekiswe kukhwotheshini nesitifiketi somphakeli.
Ubunikazi bempahla nesitifiketi. Cacisa i-UNS N08028 noma i-EN 1.4563, hhayi igama lezentengiso lodwa. Idinga isitifiketi sokuhlolwa kwempahla (MTC) nge-EN 10204 3.1 ngayinye ebika ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwangempela kanye nezakhiwo zemishini zokushisa okusetshenzisiwe. Isitifiketi kufanele sibonise ukuthobelana nezinga lomkhiqizo elifanele (isb., EN 10088-3 yebha).
Ifomu lomkhiqizo nesimo. Ezingxenyeni zomshini, chaza ukuthi into yokuqala iyibha, ibha engenalutho, noma ifoji. Isitokwe sebha kufanele sihlinzekwe sisesimweni sokufakwa kwesixazululo ngaphandle uma izakhiwo ezisetshenzwe ngamakhaza zidingeka ngamabomu. Qinisekisa isimo esifakiwe esitifiketini.
Ukwelashwa kokushisa ngemuva komshini noma welding. Uma ingxenye izoshiselwa, noma uma umshini udala umsebenzi obandayo obalulekile endaweni ebucayi, cabanga ukuthi kuyadingeka yini ukufakwa kwesisombululo. I-N08028 ithembela esakhiweni se-microstructure esilungile esinesixazululo sokumelana nokugqwala okufanelekile. Isinqumo kufanele sisekelwe endaweni yesevisi kanye nezinga lomsebenzi obandayo noma ukushisela, hhayi ukusetshenziswa njengokuzenzakalelayo. U-Alleima uncoma ukuthungwa kwesisombululo ku-1100–1160°C okulandelwa ukucisha kwamanzi uma kudingeka ukwelashwa okwengeziwe kokushisa ngemva kokucubungula.
Ukuhlola nokuhlola. Ngale kokuhlolwa kobukhulu, cabanga ukuthi i-positive material identification (PMI) iyadingeka yini ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubunikazi bengxubevange ezingxenyeni eziqediwe. Ukuhlolwa kokuqina kunganikeza isheke elinzima esimweni sokwelashwa kokushisa. Ngesevisi yokugqwala ebalulekile, ukuhlolwa kokugqwala okwengeziwe kungase kucaciswe, nakuba lokhu kungeza izindleko nesikhathi sokuhola.
Ukuhlanzeka kwendawo. Izingxenye zensimbi engagqwali kufanele zingabi namagciwane ensimbi ashumekiwe emishinini noma ekuphathweni. Cacisa ukuthi izingxenye kufanele zihlanzwe futhi zingadluliswa uma zizovezwa kusevisi ebolayo. Gwema amabhulashi ensimbi ye-carbon, ithuluzi, noma izinto ezisetshenziswayo ukuthintana nezindawo eziqediwe ze-N08028.
FAQ
Ingabe i-N08028 iyafana ne-Sanicro 28, i-Alloy 28, ne-Incoloy 028?
Yebo, lawa amagama okuhweba okwakhiwa kwe-alloy efanayo. I-UNS N08028 iyinkomba ejwayelekile; I-EN 1.4563 igama laseYurophu. Cacisa inombolo ye-UNS noma ye-EN emidwebeni ukuze ugweme ukungaqondakali.
Ingabe i-N08028 ingakwazi ukufaka esikhundleni ngokuqondile i-316L?
Hhayi njengokufaka esikhundleni sokungena ngaphandle kokuhlaziya. I-N08028 inikeza ukumelana nokugqwala okuphakeme kakhulu kuma-acids anolaka nasezindaweni ze-chloride, kodwa kubiza kakhulu futhi kunzima kakhulu ukuwenza. Ukushintshwa kufanele kuthethelelwe imodi ethile yokwehluleka noma izinga lokugqwala elibonwa nge-316L.
Ingabe i-N08028 idinga ukwelashwa kokushisa kwe-post-weld?
Imininingwane yedatha ka-Alleima iphawula ukuthi ubungozi bokuhlaselwa kwe-intergranular ngemuva kokushiselwa kwe-Sanicro 28 mancane ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile zokushisela. Kodwa-ke, uma ingxenye eshiselwe izosebenza endaweni edla kakhulu, ukuhoxiswa kwesixazululo kusengacaciswa umsebenzi wobunjiniyela obhekele okokusebenza. Isidingo sincike ezimweni zesevisi futhi kufanele kunqunywe icala ngalinye.
Isiphi isikhathi esijwayelekile sokuhola sezingxenye ezinomshini we-N08028?
Isikhathi sokuhola sincike ekutholakaleni kwezinto ezibonakalayo, ingxenye eyinkimbinkimbi, kanye nenani. Lona akuwona umbuzo wempahla futhi kufanele uqondiswe kumphakeli othile ukuze uthole ikhotheshini.
