I-N08028 ayilo bakala ulichaza nje ngokungaqhelekanga. Kwiinjineli kunye namaqela okuthenga afumana iinxalenye zentsimbi ezikhethekileyo ze-N08028, ukuxhathisa ukonakala kwezinto kusisiqingatha sebali kuphela. Ihlala kwintsapho ephezulu ye-alloy austenitic, eyenzelwe iindawo apho i-316L ingaphumeleli-i-acids egxininisiweyo, i-chloride-rich process streams, kunye neemeko zegesi ezimuncu. Esinye isiqingatha sebali lelokuba ingaba inxalenye inomatshini wokuzoba, iphathwe ubushushu ngokuchanekileyo, kwaye ingqinwe phambi kokuba ingene kwinkonzo. Eli nqaku lidibanisa ukubunjwa kwezinto kunye neepropathi kwizinto eziphathekayo zokuvelisa kunye nokukhangela amacandelo e-N08028.
Yintoni iN08028 iNtsimbi eNgatyiwayo?
I-N08028 i-alloy high-alloy austenitic steel stainless echongwe ngenombolo ye-UNS N08028 kunye nokutyunjwa kweYurophu 1.4563 (X1NiCrMoCu 31-27-4). Ikwathengiswa phantsi kwamagama orhwebo kuquka Sanicro 28, I-Alloy 28, kunye ne-Incoloy 028. Ibakala laphuhliswa kwinkonzo yeendaba ezinobungozi kakhulu, ngokukodwa ukulungiswa kwe-asidi ye-phosphoric, kwaye sele yamkelwe kwi-chemical processing, i-oyile kunye negesi, kunye nezixhobo zokulawula ukungcola.
I-alloy ibonakaliswe ngumxholo ophezulu we-nickel (malunga ne-31%), i-chromium ephezulu (malunga ne-27%), kunye nezongezo ze-molybdenum kunye nobhedu. Le nhlanganisela iyahlula kumabakala aqhelekileyo e-austenitic: akusiyo i-316L elungisiweyo okanye "i-super austenitic" kwingqiqo eqhelekileyo, kodwa isicatshulwa esithile esilungiselelwe ukuchasana ne-oxidizing kunye nokunciphisa i-acids, kunye nobhedu oludlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkonzo ye-sulfuric acid.
Ukuthengwa kunye neenkcukacha zokuzoba, izinto kufuneka zichongwe ngenombolo yayo ye-UNS okanye ye-EN kunamagama orhwebo kuphela. I-ASTM B668 igubungela i-UNS N08028 kunye ne-N08029 umbhobho ongenamthungo kunye netyhubhu yenkonzo eyonakalisayo jikelele, ifuna imeko efakwe kwisisombululo kunye neemfuneko zovavanyo lwekhemikhali, i-tensile, kunye ne-hydrostatic.
Ukubunjwa kwemichiza kunye neempawu eziphambili
Ukubunjwa okuqhelekileyo kwe-N08028 (UNS N08028 / EN 1.4563) malunga ne-chromium 27%, i-nickel 31%, i-molybdenum 3.5%, i-copper 1.0%, kunye nekhabhoni ekhawulelwe kwi-≤0.020%. Umxholo wekhabhoni ephantsi (ibakala le-ELC) unciphisa umngcipheko wokwazisa ngexesha le-welding kunye nokuvezwa kobushushu obuphakamileyo.
I-pitting resistance resistance number (PRE) ye-N08028 ngokuqhelekileyo ixelwe ubuncinane be-38, ibalwe ngefomula eqhelekileyo PRE = % Cr + 3.3 × % Mo + 16 × %N. Imithombo yeqela lesithathu inika ingxelo ngamaxabiso e-PRE kuluhlu olumalunga nama-38–41, kuxhomekeke kwifom yemveliso kunye nesiseko sokubala. Oku kubeka i-N08028 kakuhle ngaphezu kwe-316L (PRE ngokuqhelekileyo ~ 25-28) kunye noluhlu lwamabakala aphezulu e-austenitic, nangona ingatshintshi ngokuthe ngqo ngamabakala aphezulu e-molybdenum afana ne-6Mo alloys.
Iipropati zoomatshini kwi-solution-annealed bar stock zichazwe kumlinganiselo omncinci wokuvelisa amandla (i-Rp0.2) ye-220 MPa, amandla e-tensile 550-750 MPa, kunye ne-elongation ≥35%. Ukuqina ngokuqhelekileyo yi-≤220 HB. I-austenitic microstructure ibonelela ngokuqina kwempembelelo entle nakwiqondo lobushushu le-cryogenic.
Itheyibhile: Ukubunjwa okuqhelekileyo kunye neempawu eziphambili ze-N08028 (amaxabiso okubhekisela)
| Ipharamitha | Ixabiso |
| Cr / Ni / Mo / Cu | ~27% / ~31% / ~3.5% / ~1.0% |
| Ikhabhoni (ubuninzi) | 0.020% |
| PRE (uluhlu oluqhelekileyo) | ~38–41 (ekubaleni-ixhomekeke) |
| I-Rp0.2 (isisombululo sifakiwe) | ≥220 MPa |
| Rm | 550–750 MPa |
| Ukwandisa | ≥35% |
Imithombo: Alleima database ye-Sanicro 28. Amaxabiso aphantsi kwaye kufuneka aqinisekiswe ngokuchasene nefom yemveliso ethile kunye nesiqinisekiso somthengisi.
Njani i-N08028 ithelekisa kunye neeNsimbi eziQhelekileyo ezingenaStainless
Ukuthelekisa no-304 kunye ne-316L yeyona nto iya kwenziwa ngabafundi abaninzi, kwaye iyantlukwano yesakhiwo, hayi kancinci.
| IBanga | Cr | Ni | Mo | Cu | PRE (eqhelekileyo) |
| 304 | ~18% | ~8% | — | — | ~18–20 |
| 316L | ~16–18% | ~10–14% | ~2–3% | — | ~25–28 |
| N08028 | ~27% | ~31% | ~3.5% | ~1.0% | ≥38 |
Amaxabiso e-PRE abonisa uluhlu oluguquguqukayo kunye nokwakheka okuthe ngqo kunye nendlela yokubala.
Umxholo we-nickel we-N08028 uqikelelwa ngokuphindwe kathathu ukuya kwezine kwi-304 okanye i-316L. Oku kubalulekile ngenxa yezizathu ezibini. Okokuqala, i-nickel ephezulu iphucula ukuchasana ne-chloride yoxinzelelo lwe-corrosion cracking, imodi yokungaphumeleli enokuthi yenzeke kwi-304 kunye ne-316L phantsi koxinzelelo lwexesha elifanayo kunye ne-chloride exposure. Okwesibini, i-nickel iqinisa isakhiwo se-austenitic kwaye igalelo ekuqineni.
Amanqanaba e-chromium kunye ne-molybdenum abonelela nge-pitting kunye ne-crevice corrosion resistance ebonakaliswe kwixabiso le-PRE. Uphando malunga neentsimbi ezingenasici ze-superaustenitic ziqinisekisile ukuba ukunyuka kwe-Cr, i-Mo, kunye nomxholo we-N kuphucula ukuxhatshazwa kwe-corrosion kwimidiya ye-chloride, ngelixa ukongezwa kobhedu kwandisa ngokukodwa ukuxhathisa kwi-asidi ye-sulfuric. Yingakho i-N08028 ihlala ikhethwa kwiindawo ze-phosphoric kunye ne-sulfuric acid apho i-316L iya kugqwala kumazinga angamkelekanga.
Urhwebo-off yindleko kunye machinability. Umxholo we-alloying obonelela ngokumelana nokubola kwenza i-N08028 ibize kakhulu ngekhilogram kwaye ifune ngakumbi kumatshini. Ayilonjongo-jikelele yokuphucula ukusuka kwi-316L; lukhetho ekujoliswe kulo kwiindawo apho umngcipheko wokubola uthethelela iprimiyamu yeendleko.
Iindlela zokuSebenza zeN08028 zeNsimbi ezingenasici
Indlela ephambili yokuvelisa i-N08028 iinxalenye zentsimbi ezikhethekileyo CNC Machining ukusuka kwibar stock, bar hollow, okanye billet forged. Izinto eziphathekayo zifumaneka kwimeko yesisombululo-efakwe njenge-bar ejikelezayo, ibha engenanto, kunye ne-tube engenamthungo. Kuninzi lwamacandelo omatshini-i-pump shafts, i-valve yangaphakathi, i-fittings, kunye nemizimba yesixhobo-ukuhamba komsebenzi kukuba: fumana ibha ye-annealed okanye ibha enomgobho kwi-diameter efunekayo, umatshini ukuya kufuphi ne-net okanye ukumila kokugqibela, kwaye uqinisekise imilinganiselo kunye nemeko yezinto eziphathekayo.
I-Forging isetyenziselwa iimilo ezinkulu okanye ezintsonkothileyo ngakumbi apho ukusetyenziswa kwemathiriyeli kunye nokwakheka kweenkozo kuthanda i-preform eyenziwe ngaphambili ngaphezu kwesitokhwe sebha. I-N08028 inokuba shushu isetyenzwe, kodwa ifestile yeqondo lobushushu imxinwa kuneemigangatho ye-austenitic eqhelekileyo. Imithombo yoshishino engeyiyo esemthethweni icebisa uluhlu olushushu lokusebenza malunga ne-1050-1200 ° C kunye nobushushu obuncinci bokumisa ngaphezulu kwe-950 ° C, kodwa esi sikhokelo asiveli kwi-database ye-Alleima ehlaziyiweyo yeli nqaku kwaye kufuneka ingqinwe ngokuthe ngqo kunye nomthengisi wezinto eziphathekayo kuwo nawuphi na umsebenzi wokukhwabanisa.
I-Welding inokwenzeka kwaye i-N08028 ichazwa njenge-weldability elungileyo, kodwa i-welded N08028 iinxalenye zifuna ingqalelo kwimeko post-weld. U-Alleima uphawula ukuba kwimisebenzi ye-welding eqhelekileyo, igalelo lobushushu kwintsimbi yomzali lenzeka ixesha elifutshane kakhulu kunexesha apho i-intergranular corrosion iba yingozi, kwaye umngcipheko wokuhlaselwa kwe-intergranular emva kwe-welding encinci. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba i-weld okanye indawo echatshazelwe bubushushu iya kuboniswa kwinkonzo eyingozi kakhulu, isisombululo se-annealing emva kwe-welding sisenokuchazwa yinjineli enoxanduva. Eli nqaku lijolise kumalungu oomatshini; ukuwelda kufuneka kuphathwe njengomsebenzi okhethekileyo ofuna iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo.
Iingqwalaselo ngoMatshini kwiN08028 yezahlulo zeNtsimbi eziKhethekileyo
I-Machining N08028 ibonisa imingeni yeklasi ye-high-alloy austenitic stainless steel stainless: umsebenzi okhawulezayo unzima, ukuhanjiswa kwe-thermal ephantsi, kunye nokuthambekela ukunamathela kwizixhobo zokusika. I-alloy ye-nickel ephezulu kunye nomxholo we-molybdenum ukhulisa le miphumo xa kuthelekiswa ne-316L.
Ukuqina komsebenzi yeyona ndlela yokuziphatha inesiphumo kulawulo lomda. Xa isixhobo sihlikihla kunokuba sisike—ngenxa yesondlo esingonelanga, isiphelo esibuthuntu, okanye ubunzulu obunganelanga bokusikwa—umaleko womphezulu uba nzima kakhulu. Ipase elandelayo ke idibana nomhlaba oqinileyo, ukukhawulezisa ukunxitywa kwesixhobo kunye nokutyhala umsebenzi ukuya kwincoko kunye nokuphela komphezulu ongalunganga. Intsingiselo esebenzayo yeyokuba amacebo omatshini “othambileyo” anokutya okukhanyayo kunye nobunzulu obuncinci bokusika abunamveliso. Isixhobo kufuneka sibandakanye izinto ezingaphantsi kwendawo enzima ukusuka kwipasi yangaphambili.
Ulawulo lwe-thermal lubaluleke ngokulinganayo. I-N08028 ye-thermal conductivity iphantsi, ngoko ke ukusika ukushisa kugxininise kumda wesixhobo kunokuba kubhubhise kwi-workpiece okanye i-chip. Isikhokelo esisemthethweni sika-Alleima somatshini we-Sanicro 28 sicebisa ukunciphisa isantya sokusika malunga ne-50-55% xa kuthelekiswa ne-Sanmac 316/316L xa ujika ngezixhobo ezigqunyiweyo ze-carbide, ngelixa unciphisa ukutya kancinci kunye nenkathalo. Esi sisiqalo semathiriyeli ethile, hayi isincomo sasingawo generic "sentsimbi engenasici." Ukupholisa koxinzelelo oluphezulu olujoliswe kwindawo yokusika kunceda ukulawula ubomi besixhobo. Ijiyometri yesixhobo kunye nokukhethwa kwebakala kufuneka kuhambelane nomsebenzi othile; umthengisi onamava kwi-high-nickel austenitic alloys uya kuseka iiparameters kunokuzama umsebenzi.
Umphezulu wemfezeko ufuna ingqwalaselo ecacileyo yeendawo ezikwaziyo ukumelana nomhlwa. Ukuxinezeleka okushiyekileyo okubangelwa ngoMatshini kunye nokuguqulwa kwe-microstructural kunokuchaphazela ukuqaliswa kwe-corrosion yendawo. Ngelixa impendulo ethile yengqibelelo yomphezulu we-N08028 kwi-machining ingabhalwanga kancinci kwimithombo ekhoyo esidlangalaleni kune-316L, umgaqo oqhelekileyo uyasebenza: i-smeared, i-work-hard surface ayifani ne-clean cut one xa inxalenye iya kujongana ne-chemistry enobudlova. Kwiindawo zokutywinwa ezibalulekileyo okanye iindawo ezimanzi, umsebenzi wokugqiba kunye nemeko yesixhobo kufuneka icaciswe kwaye iqinisekiswe.
Ukuchaneka koMda, ukuNyamezelwa, kunye nokuQeda komphezulu
Ukunyamezela kunye neemfuneko zokugqitywa kwendawo ye-N08028 kufuneka ziqhutywe ngumsebenzi, kungekhona ngokucinga ukuba "izinto ezikhethekileyo" zifuna ukunyamezela ngokulinganayo. Ukucaciswa ngokugqithisileyo kwiimpawu ezingasebenziyo kwandisa iindleko kunye nomngcipheko we-scrap ngaphandle kokuphucula ukusebenza.
Kwiindawo ezisebenzayo-ubuso betywina, ukuthwala, ukukhwelana kwee-diameters-ukunyamezela kufuneka kubonise iimfuno zendibano. Ijenali yeshafti yempompo okanye isiqu sevalve inokufuna i-IT7 okanye ingcono, ngelixa imingxuma yokucoca kunye neendawo ezingadibaniyo zinokusebenzisa ukunyamezela ngokubanzi. Umthengisi womatshini kufuneka aqinisekise amandla ophawu oluthile kunye nemeko yemathiriyeli kunokuba acingelwe kumava nge-316L.
Uburhabaxa bomphezulu kwindawo emanzi okanye etywiniweyo buchaphazela zombini umsebenzi kunye nokuziphatha komhlwa. Umphandle orhabaxa ubonelela ngeendawo ezininzi zokuqalisa umngxuma kwaye unokugcina iintsalela zenkqubo. Ukutywinwa kobuso, ixabiso le-Ra kuluhlu lwe-0.8-1.6 μm luchazwe ngokuqhelekileyo, ngelixa iindawo ezingabalulekanga zingamkela i-3.2 μm okanye i-rougher. Ezi zizintlu zereferensi zamacandelo ensimbi engenasici ngoomatshini ngokubanzi; ixabiso elifanelekileyo lixhomekeke kwindlela ethile yokutywina okanye imfuno yococeko.
Inqaku elinye elisebenzayo lemizobo: ukuba umphezulu okanye unyamezelo luchaziwe ngaphandle kwesizathu esisebenzayo, umthengisi unokuwalela umsebenzi okanye abize ixabiso eliphezulu ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa. Ubhalo olucacileyo lokuba yeyiphi imiphezulu esebenzayo kwaye yeyiphi ukunyamezelana ngokubanzi kunceda umthengisi kunye nomthengi.
Usetyenziso lwezoShishino lweN08028 yeNsimbi engenaStainless
Izicelo apho i-N08028 ikhethiweyo yabelana ngophawu oluqhelekileyo: indawo ye-corrosion idlula amandla we-316L, kwaye inxalenye yejometri ifuna umatshini kunokuba ifom ye-tubular elula.
Ukulungiswa kweekhemikhali kunye nepetrochemical. I-N08028 isetyenziselwa izixhobo zokuvelisa i-asidi ye-phosphoric, ukuphathwa kwe-asidi ye-sulfuric, kunye namacandelo okutshintsha ubushushu. Ukongezwa kobhedu kuphucula ngokukodwa ukusebenza kwiindawo ze-sulfuric acid, ngelixa umxholo we-chromium kunye ne-molybdenum ujongana neemeko ze-oxidizing. Izinto zempompo, ukunquma ivalve, kunye ne-reactor yangaphakathi kwezi nkonzo ngamalungu omatshini aqhelekileyo.
Ioli negesi—inkonzo emuncu. Kwiindawo eziqulethe i-H₂S, i-CO₂, kunye ne-chlorides, i-N08028 inika ukuchasana noxinzelelo lwe-sulfide kunye noxinzelelo lwe-corrosion cracking. U-Alleima ubika ukuba i-Sanicro 28 ivunyiwe phantsi kwe-NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 ye-sulfide stress cracking resistant service kwizixhobo zentsimi yeoli. Izixhobo ze-Downhole, isitokhwe sokudibanisa, kunye namacandelo evalve kumaqula erhasi emuncu yimizekelo yosetyenziso. Qaphela ukuba eli nqaku lithetha ngamacandelo oomatshini; Iimveliso ze-tubular zihlanganiswe neenkcukacha ezahlukeneyo.
Iinkqubo zokupholisa amanzi olwandle kunye nekloridi. Ixabiso eliphezulu le-PRE liguqulela ukuchasana ne-pitting kunye ne-crevice corrosion emanzini ane-chloride. U-Alleima ukhankanya amava asebenzayo aqinisekisa ukufaneleka kwe-Sanicro 28 kwimibhobho ehambisa amanzi olwandle kunye nokutshintsha kobushushu obupholileyo bamanzi olwandle. Amalungu afana ne-pump shafts, i-fasteners, kunye nemizimba yevalvu kwiisekethe zokupholisa zamanzi aselwandle okanye amdaka angasebenzisa i-N08028 apho i-316L ibonise ubomi obungonelanga.
Ulawulo longcoliseko kunye nokususwa kwerhasi yombane. I-asidi edibeneyo kunye neendawo zekloridi kwiinkqubo ze-scrubber ze-FGD zinokudlula imida yeentsimbi eziqhelekileyo ezingenasici. Izixhobo ze-N08028 kwishafti ezimdaka, imilomo yokutshiza, kunye impompo zangaphakathi yimizekelo yamacandelo omatshini akhethelwe le meko.
Kwimeko nganye, ukhetho lwezinto eziphathekayo kufuneka luqinisekiswe ngokuchasene nekhemistri ethile, ubushushu, kunye nesimo soxinzelelo lwesicelo. I-N08028 ayisosisombululo sendalo yonke kwindawo "eyonakalisayo"; sisisombululo seendawo ezithile apho indibaniselwano ye-alloy yayo ifanelekile.
IiMfuno zobuGcisa zokuQinisekisa xa kufunwa iiNdawo ze-N08028
Umyalelo wokuthengwa kweendawo ze-N08028 ezithetha kuphela "izinto eziphathekayo: i-N08028" ishiya kakhulu ukutolika. Ezi mfuno zilandelayo kufuneka zichazwe ngokucacileyo kumbuzo kwaye ziqinisekiswe kwikowuti kunye nesiqinisekiso somthengisi.
Isazisi seMaterial kunye nesiqinisekiso. Chaza i-UNS N08028 okanye i-EN 1.4563, hayi igama lokuthengisa lodwa. Ifuna isatifikethi sovavanyo lwemathiriyeli (MTC) ngokwe-EN 10204 3.1 enika ingxelo yokwakheka kweekhemikhali zokwenene kunye neempawu zomatshini kubushushu obusetyenzisiweyo. Isatifikethi kufuneka sibonise ukuthotyelwa komgangatho ofanelekileyo wemveliso (umzekelo, i-EN 10088-3 yebha).
Ifom yemveliso kunye nemeko. Kwindawo ezingoomatshini, chaza ukuba ingaba into yokuqala yibha, ihollow bar, okanye iforging. Isitokhwe sebha kufuneka sinikezelwe kwimeko enesisombululo ngaphandle kokuba iipropati ezisebenza ngokubanda zifunwa ngabom. Qinisekisa imeko yothintelo kwisatifikethi.
Unyango lobushushu emva komatshini okanye i-welding. Ukuba inxalenye iya kudityaniswa, okanye ukuba umatshini udala umsebenzi obandayo obandayo kwindawo ebalulekileyo, qwalasela ukuba isisombululo siyafuneka. I-N08028 ixhomekeke kwisisombululo esichanekileyo-efakwe kwi-microstructure ukuze kuxhathise ukuthotywa kwe-corrosion. Isigqibo kufuneka sisekelwe kwindawo yenkonzo kunye nobukhulu bomsebenzi obandayo okanye i-welding, ingasetyenziswanga njengento engagqibekanga. U-Alleima ucebisa ukuba kufakwe isisombululo kwi-1100-1160 ° C elandelwa kukucinywa kwamanzi ukuba unyango olongezelelweyo lobushushu luyafuneka emva kokulungiswa.
Ukuhlolwa kunye novavanyo. Ngaphaya kohlolo lwe-dimensional, qwalasela ukuba ingaba i-positive material identification (PMI) iyafuneka ukuze kuqinisekiswe i-alloy identity kwiindawo ezigqityiweyo. Uvavanyo lobulukhuni lunokubonelela ngetshekhi engqongqo kwimeko yonyango lobushushu. Kwinkonzo ye-corrosion ebalulekileyo, uvavanyo olongezelelweyo lwe-corrosion lungachazwa, nangona oku kongeza iindleko kunye nexesha lokuhamba.
Ukucoceka komphezulu. Amalungu ensimbi engenasici kufuneka angabikho ukungcoliseka kwentsimbi edibeneyo ukusuka kumatshini okanye ukuphatha. Cacisa ukuba iindawo mazicocwe kwaye zigqithiswe ukuba ziya kuboniswa kwinkonzo eyingozi. Kuphephe iibhrashi zentsimbi yekhabhoni, izixhobo, okanye izixhobo ezidityaniswe nemigangatho ye-N08028 egqityiweyo.
FAQ
Ngaba i-N08028 iyafana ne-Sanicro 28, i-Alloy 28, kunye ne-Incoloy 028?
Ewe, la ngamagama entengiso okuqulunqwa kwe-alloy efanayo. I-UNS N08028 sisichongi esisemgangathweni; I-EN 1.4563 ligama laseYurophu. Chaza inombolo ye-UNS okanye ye-EN kwimizobo ukunqanda ukungacaci.
Ngaba i-N08028 ingathatha indawo ngokuthe ngqo kwi-316L?
Hayi njengethontsi endaweni ngaphandle kovavanyo. I-N08028 ibonelela ngokugqithisileyo kokuxhathisa kokutya kwi-acids endlongondlongo kunye neemekobume zekloridi, kodwa kubiza ngaphezulu kwaye kunzima kakhulu ukumatshini. Ukutshintshwa kufuneka kuthethelelwe yimowudi ethile yokungaphumeleli okanye izinga lokubola eliqatshelwe nge-316L.
Ngaba i-N08028 ifuna unyango lobushushu emva kwe-weld?
I-database ye-Alleima iphawula ukuba umngcipheko wokuhlaselwa kwe-intergranular emva kwe-welding ye-Sanicro 28 incinci phantsi kweemeko ze-welding eziqhelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba icandelo elidityanisiweyo liya kusebenza kwindawo enobungozi kakhulu, ukufakwa kwesisombululo kusenokuchazwa ngumsebenzi wobunjineli onoxanduva lwesixhobo. Imfuneko ixhomekeke kwiimeko zenkonzo kwaye kufuneka kugqitywe ngayo kwimeko nganye.
Leliphi ixesha eliqhelekileyo lokukhokela kwiindawo ze-N08028 ezinomatshini?
Ixesha elikhokelayo lixhomekeke ekufumanekeni kwezinto, ukuntsonkotha kwenxalenye, kunye nobuninzi. Lo ayingombuzo wepropathi yezinto eziphathekayo kwaye kufuneka ubhekiswe kumthengisi othile kwikowuteshini.
